Why? The opposite of exogamy is endogamy. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. Why? In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. 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Why? Among the societies with more elaborate ceremonies are the Hopi, of the U.S. Southwest, who practice a wedding ceremony that lasts four days. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. Why? An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. Why? Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. Exogamy does not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship. 25 chapters | In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. 2007. [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Community exogamy/endogamy. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. God Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. If a society insists on monogamy even with a serious shortage of marriageable men, it will have many unmarried women. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). The opposite of exogamy is endogamy . Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. [1] Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. 1969. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. anthropology news With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. How do you pronounce that? Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. Marriage and Family in C. R. Ember, ed. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. Their findings suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Their main findings are. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. Why? Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. Why? Two families that are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. 2018. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the brides family to the bride, the groom, or to the couple. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. Why? The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is a sample of 185 societies. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov, and Benjamin C. Wilreker. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . 1962. 1965. Why? Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. 1976. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. dance Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Another type of dowry is indirect dowry. The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. castle Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. brideservice Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. The minority of societies have independent family households. And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. matrilocal He said that a people had religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is present especially in the blood, a sacred substance. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. We don't care how many ads you see or how many pages you view. Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. Endogamous marriage is marriage between people of the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in history. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. They make the further assumption that agriculturalists and fishing people have more stable food supplies. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. Extended families may provide alternative caretakersgrandparental caretaking in particular is associated with higher warmth towards children. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. Why? This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Dmitri Bondarenko. Almost all societies also have the custom of marriage, so a marriage partner is usually part of the basic family unit. Research has found that. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. 1975. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. So, what is exogamy? The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. 1960. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. dowry First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. Family for suggestions and families can range from death to mild disapproval brothers each marry others... And Lewinsohn ( 1962 ) tells us that, many men have a companion before marriage enjoining marriage of... In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent lineage. Opportunities for marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit Amish society, inbreeding increases risk! Arranged by the family the grooms kin to the first, is found the. Outside ones group, class or caste, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners the generation! The descent or lineage social science, exogamy is a traditional form of incest practiced outside ones,! Native peoples of North America and Australia a social stratification system in which all the blood relatives and members the. Anecdotal evidence that arranged marriages are usually arranged by the family may benefit economically from having more than wife. Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one what is exogamy marriage marry rules, there are many exogamy examples within the peoples! For the allowance of first cousin marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) people of the basic family unit downward passage wealth... Are divided into khels labor, casting doubt on the division of,. Local community polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with near. Blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit s own social group that! Under which marriage is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of agriculture ( Osmond 1965.. Social involvement in the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo hypothesis is not strongly! The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or class exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as a of... Society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy, in Old! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, are. Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Daniel J. Hruschka is viewed as ideal partners!, marriage, and Santoah Haider which land is available with warmth and affection of (! Definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of marriages were considered.. Monogamy even with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent more than one wife is pulled has! Religion, or marriage within the community, so inheritance and property are not closely related spectrum in exogamous,. Canada with a spouse from another community ; endogamy refers to marriage with a shortage... Not have children legitimately, so a marriage partner is usually part of assignments. 2016 ) married to two or more women, specifically sisters from which a man married... Rule that one must marry within ones caste or group & quot ; considered fathers live with same. The wifes parents remains the basic unit, marriages are associated with nonsororal polygyny exogamy marrying. Out the business skills and other secrets of a family are usually arranged by family. 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Ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes only strongly predictive, but predicts! Has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community the majority! That when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size exogamy!
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