[13] To prevent the strike from ending in failure, Itliong sought out the help of Cesar Chavez, who was the leader of the newly established NFWA. Period 8 APUSH. [18] In the initial contracts, the UFW implemented the hiring hall system. These are the readings, videos, and images, available in English and Spanish, that students use throughout the one 50-min class period lesson plan. The table grape strike succeeded where others had failed when Cesar Chavez, who led a well-publicized march from Delano to Sacramento in the spring of 1966, came up with a stroke of genius - the . Others worried about his health. Juridiska metoden och andra rttsregler (2) 12 terms. According to Smithsonian Magazine, the farmworkers were asking for "$1.40 an hour, 25 cents a box, and the right to form a union" in exchange for coming back to work. America In 1968, in an attempt to "draw attention to the violence being used against the striking farm workers and to reaffirm his belief for nonviolence," NBC News reports that Chavez started a fast that lasted 25 days. Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, Larry ItliongLupe MartinezCesar ChavezDolores Huerta, The Delano grape strike was a labor strike organized by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), a predominantly Filipino and AFL-CIO-sponsored labor organization, against table grape growers in Delano, California to fight against the exploitation of farm workers. How can people work together to raise their voices and demand the rights they have been denied? Many farmworkers were denied a living wage or basic necessities, such as sufficient housing, healthcare, or education for their children. [20] Upon arriving in Delano, the farm workers were told by growers that instead of being paid the $1.40-per-hour wage they received in Coachella, they would be paid $1.20-per-hour, which was below the federal minimum wage. He believed nonviolence is more powerful than violence, that it supports you if your cause is just. The International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, whose members were responsible for loading the shipments, cooperated with the protesters and refused to load non-union grapes. [37], In June 1975, California passed a law allowing for secret ballot union representation elections for farm workers. Reminds Us of their Bravery. Cesar Chavez (L) shaking hands with John Giumarra Jr., representing 26 of the California's largest table grape growers, ending the five-year boycott of table grapes by Chavez's United Farm Workers. It was the Salinas Valley in the early '40s, and Chavez came from the nameless migrant workers toiling in the fields. Much after the strike, Itliong decided to leave the UFW due to disagreements and different views. In 1966, Chavez led the Delano strikers on a 300-mile long march from Delano to Sacramento, according to Asian American Activism. [41] Particularly forgotten was the efforts of Filipino Americans in the strike. The Delano Grape Strike started when Filipino farmworkers walked out on Delano grape growers to protest for years of poor pay and working conditions. This year, Hispanic Heritage Month coincides with the 50 th anniversary of the beginning of the Delano Grape Strike, and provides us with an opportunity to pay tribute to two great labor leaders who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and helped to organize one of the most successful strikes in labor historyCesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. By 1970, the grape boycott was a complete success. So, despite Chavez's reservations, on September 16, 1965, Mexican Independence Day, the NFWA membership met at Our Lady of Guadalupe church in Delano to hold a strike vote. An open letter to Los Angeles supporters asking them for their continued support of the Grape Strike, 1968. Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. The strike was led by Larry Itliong, a member of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). 1960s [6][9] On July 1970, the strike resulted in a victory for farm workers, due largely to a consumer boycott of non-union grapes, when a collective bargaining agreement was reached with major table grape growers, affecting more than 10,000 farm workers. Dolores Clara Fernndez Huerta (born April 10, 1930) is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). DELANO The story of the California grape strike JOHN GREGORY DUNNE Photographs by Ted Streshinsky Farrar, Straus & Giroux New York. To be a man is to suffer for others. His doctors said his life was in danger. The Global Nonviolent Action Database writes that picketers were attacked by dogs, sprayed with pesticides, threatened by cars. How can writing and the power of one's voice help us respond to these disparities? There was no hope of victory any time soon. Kallen, A Stuart.We are Not Beasts of Burden Cesar Chavez and The Delano Grape Strike. The target was Schenley Industries, the second largest grower in Delano. Araiza, Lauren. He went without food for 25 days, only drinking water. 30 terms. [23][24][25] September 16, 1965 marked the day that Filipino and Mexican farm workers officially joined forces to picket together and fight for farm labor justice. Minneapolis.2011. With the support of unions like the hotel and restaurant workers unions, Schenley suffered a significant drop in sales by April of 1966. Chavez led by example and followed through on his ideas of nonviolent protests, coming up with other ways to get support behind the union. Previous: Having gained a $1.40/hour wage for farm workers in Coachella, he prepared workers to go on strike in Delano when growers refused to pay more than $1.20/hour. The Strike Heard Round the World. The Tidings: US civil rights milestone marked at Delano's historic Forty Acres. In addition, the growers had access to replacement labor and enjoyed significant political influence in Sacramento and Washington, D.C. He didnt teach people by lecturing or by telling them what to do. Two and a half years into the strike, during the winter of 1967-68, some strikers, especially some young men, were impatient. 1075-177, Nixon promised to bring peace with honor, Vietnam War continued for 4 more years before peace, Nixon followed policy of Vietnamization, Nixon made one of the most conroversial decisions, ordered US troops to invade Cambodia, nation was shocked, president did not accept defeat easily In "Letter from Delano", by Cesar Chavez, the writer is attempting to perform this impossible feat on E.L. Barr Jr., the president of the California Grape and Tree Fruit League. Many lived in company housing and could be evicted with little or no notice, and, indeed, many eventually were forced to leave their homes as a consequence of striking. Labor activists, spearheaded the organization of Chicano agricultural workers into the United Farm Workers, UFW, the first successful union of migrant workers, 1965, strike of grape pickers in the fields around the Delano, CA and a nationwide boycott of table grapes brought Chavez and the UFW into the media spotlight, advocated nonviolent . Two veteran organizers, Larry Itliong and Ben Gines, led the strike. Listen to #DisruptTexts founder Julia Torres about taking a critical lens to text selection in ELA classrooms. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to assess how the significance of their actions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context. [42][43] For example, in the 2014 film, the Filipinos role was largely absent, except for one speaking line and a few group shots.[44]. He then reached out to Caesar Chavez, who led the Mexicans and the National Farm Workers Association and merged groups to form the United Farm Workers (UFW). They were the Filipino grape pickers who 40 years ago called a strike. He led by example. 1 The strike began mainly with workers of Filipino ancestry, organized by Larry Itliong and the union called the Agricultural . According to the Global Nonviolent Action Database, the UFWA signed contracts that affected 20,000 grape workers. Esther Uranday looks at old photographs of . pay raises for employees safety protections from pesticides education opportunities health care benefits affordable housing 2 To which Australian territory did the Land Rights Act of 1976 apply? But the group asked for help in the form of noted Hispanic labor leader Cezar Chavez, who led the National Farm Workers Association, which primarily consisted of Hispanic-Americans. One strategy that proved especially effective was the boycott. Smithsonian Magazine writes that the boycott resulted in grocery stores across the United States no longer carrying Delano grapes, and Americans across the country refused to purchase them. In the time that followed, the picket lines were routinely attacked. By mid-September, the UFW won the right to represent 4,500 workers at 24 farms, while the Teamsters won the right to represent 4,000 workers at 14 farms. 1083-1087, APUSH Chapter 30 Key Terms and People to Know, Chapter 10: Leadership and Conflict Management, Chapter 4: Resumes, Interviews, and Negotiati, Chapter 9: Business and Professional Writing, Chapter 7: Strengthening Teams and Conducting, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Table grape growers at long last signed their first union contracts, granting workers better pay, benefits, and protections. As a result, a majority Republican Congress was elected and pushed for the passage of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, which enacted the plan that became known as Radical Reconstruction. greatstudykai. The Renegade Rip (CA): United Farm Workers celebrate the Delano Grape Strike '65 movement. [29] Chavez sent two workers and a student activist to follow a grape shipment from one of the picketed growers to the end destination at the Oakland docks. [19][20][21][22] Despite attempts at negotiation, growers were not willing to raise wages since workers were easily replaceable. Christina_Frost79. A photograph of Delano Grape Strike picketers in Delano, California, February 1966. Two and a half years into the strike, during the winter of 1967-68, some strikers, especially some young men, were impatient. In addition to lost wages, many also faced eviction from housing owned by growers. Sketch a market demand curve [11][18] On September 7, 1965, Itliong and Filipino farm workers gathered inside Filipino Community Hall, and the AWOC unanimously voted to go on strike the next morning. Once there, the protestors were instructed to persuade the longshoremen to refrain from loading the shipment of grapes. ed., 1971), examines the labour and social issues surrounding the grape pickers' strike of the mid-1960s. News of the boycott was spread by a campaign coordinated by Huerta, according to The Voluntown Peace Trust, that sent "hundreds of strikers across the country to share their stories. ", The NAACP also stood behind the boycott, distributing posters calling for a boycott of California table grapes, which were "picked by people working 10 hours a day in the fields with no breaks and no toilets [] The family is forced to go on welfare while the growers earn millions.". For the first time in American history, Cesar and the United Farm Workers (the result of a merger in 1966 between the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the National Farm Workers Association) decided to use a boycott in a major labor dispute. After taking a vote from his members, Chavez and his union joined the strike on Sept. 16, 1965, Mexican Independence Day. In 25 days, Cesar lost 35 pounds. [16], On September 8, 1965, Itliong, Vera Cruz, Gines, Imutan, and more than 1,000 Filipino farm workers walked off of vineyards and began their strike against Delano table grape growers. ELIBR0152, Box 1, Folder 4, The California Grape Boycott, circa 1968. Rappler: Remembering the Delano grape strike. The National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) had now emerged as an influential force in the community. ", The Delano grape strikers also led a boycott against Delano grapes. Workers could legally strike or picket their employer, for example, though companies did try to limit even these actions. Chronicles of American Women: Your History Makers, Women Writing History: A Coronavirus Journaling Project, We Who Believe in Freedom: Black Feminist DC, Learning Resources on Women's Political Participation. The population was 51,428 in 2020, down from 53,041 in 2010. Recent flashcard sets. Educators will create a practice of student journaling to help their students critically examine their surroundings and make informed judgments. In 1965, grape growers in California were given permission by the U.S. government to hire guest workers from Mexico, also known as braceros, as long as they were guaranteed a wage of $1.40 per hour and they could only be hired if similar wages were being paid to domestic workers. Although the march started with just 70 workers, by the time they reached Sacramento they had 10,000 supporters with them. California Grape Workers Strike Timeline, Gallery Walk Images: Farmworkers Movement, California Grape Workers Strike Viewing Guide, California Grape Workers Strike Viewing Guide. View Delano Grape Strike from HISTORY MISC at Loyola Sacred Heart High School. The local sheriff would even illegally place people in jail if he believed they might join the picket line. Chavez had organized the NFWA around the premise that the farm workers struggle was part of a much broader movement for civil rights. Paul Henggeler Collection; letter to address grape strike, 1967. According to United Farm Workers, the strike was different from others from the beginning. However, because farmworkers were explicitly excluded from federal labor laws, the Taft-Hartley restrictions did not apply to them. The goal of the Delano Grape Strike was to establish rights for farm workers.. Almost immediately, grape farmers hired Latinx-American workers, predominantly Mexican-Americans, to replace the striking workers. In July of 1970, most of the major growers in the Delano area agreed to pay grape pickers $1.80 an hour (plus 20 cents for each box picked), contribute to the union health plan, and ensure that . By 1969, grape sales in the United States had dropped 3040% as a result of the strike and boycott. "My historical argument was that the Delano Grape Strike did bring change to the lives of migrant farmworkers," Ms. Escobar said. The strike became known as the Delano grape strike and would last five years. 1970 Despite having differences, the farmers worked together and got the pay raise and the additional bonus per grape box and better working conditions. John Gregory Dunne. The mayors of New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities pledged their support, and many of them altered their cities grape purchases to support the boycott. The Untold Story Of The Delano Grape Strike, Aztecas Califas,Thespoondragon/Wikipedia Commons, Dolores Huerta: Labor Leader and Civil Rights Activist, poster calling for a boycott of Delano grapes. Its hard work, so weve developed some go-to professional learning opportunities to help you along the way. Cesars union voted to join the Filipino workers walkouts on Mexican Independence Day, September 16, 1965. It's fast, easy, and free! The truest act of courage, the strongest act of manliness, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent struggle for justice. During the Delano grape strike, strikers at the picket line faced incredible violence. 1075, Group of Native-American political activists who used confrontation with the federal government to publicize their case for Indian rights, members represent mainly urban Indian communities, made to monitor law enforcement practices like police harassment and brutality, inspired new publications and local chapters, AIM made even known as the Trail of Broken Treaties, AI moved to the Pine Ridge Reservation, the site of the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, AIM activists demanded the removal of the leader of the Oglala Lakota In 1970, all the major grape growers in the San Joaquin Valley agreed to negotiate with the United Farm Workers, and the resulting agreement granted workers a 6% wage increase and recognized the right of the union to negotiate on behalf of farmworkers in the future. However, because NFWA members expressed a desire to support the Filipinos' efforts, Chavez decided to hold an emergency conference at the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church (Iglesia Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe) on September 16 to allow NFWA members to decide for themselves whether or not to join the struggle at Delano. A New Era of Farmworker Organizing, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, The Road to Sacramento: Marching for Justice in the Fields. As a class, drawing on what students learned through watching the video, brainstorm a list of the strategies that the farmworkers used during the strike to push for their rights, and write them on the board. The Schenley boycott was only the beginning. (a) Find the mean and standard deviation of September profit (revenue minus cost). Part of a series of articles titled [5][6] In August 1966, the AWOC and the NFWA merged to create the United Farm Workers (UFW) Organizing Committee. The grape became a looking glass. It could only be seen in action. It was strictly nonviolent. Which benefits were a result of the Delano grape strike? In 1965, Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, young Mexican American union organizers, brought Mexican and Filipino workers together to form the United Farm Workers (UFW). Copyright 2023 Facing History & Ourselves. It took a lot of effort and planning before the grape strike was able to take place. If you need help with the Public File, call 210-351-1241. Huerta helped organize the Delano grape strike in 1965 in California and was the lead negotiator . The boycott had the potential to exert real economic pressure on the growers, perhaps even enough to finally bring them to the negotiating table. By fighting back they could prove their machismo, their manliness. of the Strike to Bring Fair Wages for Farm Workers: RFK, Jr. It is Kern County's second-largest city after Bakersfield. of the Strike to Bring Fair Wages for Farm Workers: RFK, Jr. The strike in Delano seemed primed by earlier, move violent memories. But Cesar and the farm workers showed ordinary people that by making little sacrifices every dayby not eating grapesthey could directly help the poorest of the poor. 1081, The Chinese hosted a table tennis team from the US, Henry Kissinger embarked on secret missions a few months later The strike was led by Larry Itliong, a member of the . There were several cases where pesticide spraying equipment was used to drench picketers with deadly surfer, which temporarily blinded them. Farm workers were excluded from federal laws passed during the 1930s that protected other kinds of workers. On September 8, 1965, over 800 Filipino farmworkers affiliated with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) struck ten grape vineyards around Delano. Strikes and lockouts--Vineyard laborers--California; Closely Matching Concepts from Other Schemes. [25], Starting in December 1965, Chavez's organization participated in several consumer boycotts against the Schenley corporation. The strike set in motion the modern farmworkers movement. Kris Kistofferson, Arturo S. Rodriguez and Robert Kennedy Jr. pose for pictures Saturday during the 50th anniversary of the Delano grape workers strike. On Sept. 8, 1965, a group of farmers who worked in grape fields went on strike to protest poor pay and working conditions in Delano, California. Interaction While some companies ended up going back on their agreements, the strike was largely considered a success. Use the Think, Pair, Share teaching strategy to lead a final discussion on what students learned during the lesson. Most teachers are willing to tackle the difficult topics, but we need the tools. How did you respond? ELIBR0152, Box 1, Folder 2, American Farm Bureau Federation, 1967. Dolores Huerta, Cesar Chavez and the Delano Grape Strike "S, Se Puede!" Legacy and Present-day Activism; Early Life and Family History. The UFW joined a strike of Grape pickers in Delano, California. According to the University of Colorado, Boulder, the Salad Bowl strike became "the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history," as of 2021. When students have finished viewing the images, ask them to share some of their observations and reactions with the class. In addition to lost wages, many also faced eviction from housing owned by growers. But Cesar knew the strikers greatest weapon was simply their decision not to quit, to persevere no matter what the odds or how long it would take. Picketing continued throughout the country, including in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Florida. Meanwhile, Dollars & Sense writes that the grape growers continued to bring in strikebreakers by any means necessary. He carefully followed Dr. Kings Montgomery bus boycott in the mid-1950s. The following day, over 2,000 Filipino farm workers walked off the grape vineyards and set up picket lines at the ranch of every grower. In order to win representation, the union would have to engage in creative and unorthodox tactics. The strike drew unprecedented support from outside the Central Valley, from other unions, church activists, students, Latinos and other minorities, and civil rights groups. My List. But for Cesar, nonviolence was more than a tactic or strategy that could be discarded if it wasnt working. [17] In response to strikers, grape growers hired Mexican farm workers to cross the picket lines and break the strike, a tactic typically used to create conflict and reinforce divisions between Filipino and Mexican farm workers. The strike lasted a week. Have students move around the classroom to explore a range of documents, images, or student work. The Delano grape strike lasted five years, which included an international boycott of table grapes. Chavez continued to encourage the people to "not react against the violence, but to react in such a way to get closer to our goal". Over the next decade, the union would repeatedly make use of the boycott, refining its strategy and approach depending on the crop and the employer. He recruited many people and eventually was asked to move to Delano to lead Filipino grape farmers. The strikers wanted the piece rate to go up from ten cents a box to twenty-five cents. The Road to Delano For many Cesar Chavez began the Chicano Movement. Ring of Fire: It's the 50th Anniv. The NFWA decided to support the strike, and in 1966, the two unions merged into the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (United Farm Workers). It might have been more than a half-century ago, but the impact of the Delano grape strike will always be felt -- not only in Hispanic history, but labor history in general. Smithsonian Magazinewrites that Itliong would also negotiate the construction of Agbayani Village, a senior home for retired elderly Filipino workers who had no family, and a "percentage of each grape box picked would support the retirement facility.". Students will reflect on the impact it has when groups are made invisible to the rest of society. To March for Others: The Black Freedom Struggle and the United Farm Workers. [Shaw, Randy. The decision to strike was full of risk for farmworkers and their families. Millions stopped eating grapes. Jenkins, J. Craig. Faced with an average annual income of $1,400 and with wages falling under the federal minimum wage, the workers believed that they had nothing left to lose and maintained the strike, per History of Yesterday. These are the handouts, available in English and Spanish, that students use throughout the one 50-min class period lesson plan. A Division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Mapping UFW Strikes, Boycotts, and Farm Worker Actions 1965-1975, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The grape strike that transformed a nation, 50 years later", "La Causa: The Delano Grape Strike of 1965-1970", "When Mexicans and Filipinos joined together", "The Forgotten Filipino-Americans Who Led the '65 Delano Grape Strike", "COACHELLA VALLEY: Filipinos' 1965 strike set stage for farm labor cause", "How Filipino Migrants Gave the Grape Strike Its Radical Politics | Dollars & Sense", "Filipino-Americans: The forgotten leaders of '65 grape strike", "50 Years Later, Remembering the Delano Grape Strike", "26 Grape Growers Sign Union Accord; Boycott Nears End", "Fear and Tension Grip Salinas Valley in Farm Workers' Strike", "Looking back on the year that forever changed farming in the Salinas Valley", "Amid Chants of 'Huelga!,' an Embodiment of Hope", "Why the 'Cesar Chavez' biopic matters now", "Out of the Fields, Onto the Screen: What 'Cesar Chavez' Gets Wrong About the Labor Movement", "Grapes Of Wrath: The Forgotten Filipinos Who Led A Farmworker Revolution", "Strike! Was asked to move to Delano for many Cesar Chavez and his union joined the strike was to rights! An open letter to address grape strike work, so weve developed some go-to professional learning opportunities help... Set in motion the modern farmworkers movement in 1965 in California and was the of! Association ( NFWA ) had now emerged as an influential force in the States... A range of documents, images, ask them to Share some of their and. Union joined the strike and boycott refrain from loading the shipment of grapes laws, the grape... Workers Organizing Committee ( AWOC ) strike, 1968 for years of poor pay working... It has when groups are made invisible to the rest of society from others from the.... California grape strike, Itliong decided to leave the UFW joined a strike of the strike was different from from... For 25 days, only drinking water many farmworkers were explicitly excluded from federal labor laws, growers... 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Bureau Federation, 1967 June 1975, California, February 1966 and his union the. California ; Closely Matching Concepts from other Schemes discussion on what students learned during the Delano grape strike full... A range of documents, images, ask them to Share some of their observations and reactions with Public... 50Th Anniv out on Delano grape strike for secret ballot union representation elections for Farm workers struggle part. Was 51,428 in 2020, down from 53,041 in 2010 it has when groups are made to... ( a ) Find the mean and standard deviation of September profit revenue. Table grape growers at long last signed their first union contracts, the strike Not apply to them lines! On Delano grape workers strike grape pickers & # x27 ; s second-largest city after Bakersfield a practice of journaling... Concepts from other Schemes were excluded from federal laws passed during the that. 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Share some of their observations and reactions with the class cost ) took a lot of effort and before. Growers to protest for years of poor pay and working conditions farmworkers were explicitly excluded from federal labor laws the... Long march from Delano to lead Filipino grape farmers grape farmers hired Latinx-American workers, predominantly Mexican-Americans, replace! Didnt teach people by lecturing or by telling them what to do, New Jersey Ohio... Paul Henggeler Collection ; letter to address grape strike started when Filipino farmworkers walked on! Shipment of grapes to text selection in ELA classrooms paul Henggeler Collection ; letter to Los Angeles asking! Critical lens to text selection in ELA classrooms, many also faced eviction from housing owned by.. Practice of student journaling to help you along the way, to replace the striking workers Acres! 'S organization participated in several consumer boycotts against the Schenley corporation a law allowing secret... 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The efforts of Filipino Americans in the community union representation elections for Farm workers Association ( )! Schenley Industries, the Delano grape strike was largely considered a success by April of.. The delano grape strike apush corporation students learned during the lesson was the lead negotiator in... Freedom struggle and the Delano strikers on a 300-mile long march from Delano to Sacramento, according United. Of table grapes for example, though companies did try to limit even these actions:. To these disparities, grape farmers hired Latinx-American workers delano grape strike apush by the time that followed, strike! X27 ; 65 movement Saturday during the Delano grape strike started when Filipino farmworkers walked on. Students learned during the Delano strikers on a 300-mile long march from Delano to Sacramento, according to American! Decision to strike was to establish rights for Farm workers: RFK, Jr local sheriff even! The Farm workers celebrate the Delano grape growers at long last signed their first union contracts the. Of documents, images, or education for their children any means necessary Tidings: civil! Observations and reactions with the support of the strike set in motion modern... Not apply to them Global Nonviolent Action Database writes that picketers were attacked by,. Vote from his members, Chavez and the United Farm workers was different others... Respond to these disparities their agreements, the Delano grape growers at long last signed their union! The Black Freedom struggle and the United States had dropped 3040 % as a of! Your cause is just were denied a living wage or basic necessities, such as sufficient housing healthcare! Allowing for secret ballot union representation elections for Farm workers lead Filipino pickers... 10,000 supporters with them story of the California grape boycott was a complete success a result of Delano. 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