At first, they suspected they had a homosexual affair gone bad on their hands. I went through each and every document page by page. At every turning this investigation brought new issues to light to burden and perplex us. The tests were con-ducted at a cost of at least $25 million at 86 United States and Canadian hospi-tals, prisons, universities, and military installations, as well as the agencys own safe houses in Washington, New York, and San Francisco. Yet when he returned from work the next day, he told Alice that his colleagues had reassured him. LSD emerged as one of the interrogation drugs of choice. When preparing his Federal Income Tax form, income is customarily listed by individual performances, etc., with the person or organization paying for the performance, the location of the performance, the amount received, and the deductions itemized for each performance or each source of funds, rather than for a standard deduction to be taken. But the Manhattan D.A., while probably agreeable to immunity for Albarelli's sources in Florida, has not pursued the confidentiality releases. Gradually a completely new story of the death of Frank Olson was emerging, one that bore very little resemblance to the one that had long-since become the conventional wisdom on this issue. Did the biochemist intend to resign from an agency that could then neither let him continue nor permit him to quit? He was still alive and trying to talk when the night manager, Armond Pastore, reached him, but died a few minutes later. But, if security was a concern, as it would have had to have been, then the question arises as to why the Agencys secure mental health facility in Massachusetts was not considered. Traveling with human skeletal remains in tow always leaves me, as Albert Camus said on another subject, strangely aching. I cannot leave the skull out of sight but at the same time I cannot treat it in away to generate suspicions. In a full autopsy, the external evaluation consists of examining old injuries, along with tattoos and scars. He earned his B.S. Before joining ICI, Richardson served as a managing director at FTI Consulting, where she led the financial services public affairs practice. Now, with these drugs, you could get information without having to abuse people.. In any case, soon, Olson was experiencing disorientation. But documents show that they included at least one version of the biological dart, dipped in shellfish toxin and fired from a rifle using a pressurized air cartridge. Lying on the pavement, bloodied and broken, was Frank Olson. A front-page story headlined Suicide Revealed zeroed in on a sensational item from the just-released report of the Rockefeller Commission, the first of the post-Watergate inquiries into CIA misdeeds. According to Lashbrook, Olson was cheerful and appeared to enjoy the entertainment. He appeared no longer particularly depressed, and almost the Dr. Olson I knew prior to the experiment.. But Olson became agitated during the first act, believing, according to Ruwet, that people were waiting outside the theater to arrest him. Medicating Dr. Olson with two interacting central nervous system depressants had the real potential of killing him, as columnist Dorothy Kilgallen learned to her fatal distress. No obstacle would deter him from his mission, not even the taboo of unearthing his fathers bones. While these myriad investigations were occurring around me, I was not quiescent. LSD was not yet ready for testing in interrogations, but the agency did report some success in causing amnesia after interrogations, through a combination of hypnosis and sodium pentathol. The total came to fifteen. Down at reception, Pastore asked the hotel telephone operator whether she had overheard any calls from 1018A. In 1953 we had been told only that he had had an accident in a New York hotel room and hadfallen or jumpedout the window. On the one hand the CIA has admitted to unsuccessful (and ill-advised) attempts at assassinating foreign leaders, while, on the other hand, the notion of domestic involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy has been effectively marginalized as conspiracy theory (i.e., lunacy). Later, at a news conference in the backyard at Frederick, under the big trees, the family announced that they were going to sue the government for wrongful death. I hope that my speculations, and they are nothing more than that, may be of some interest and modest help to you. But then in 1994, Frank Olsons only survivors, sons Eric and Nils, convinced noted forensic sleuth James E. Starrs of George Washington University, Washington, D.C., to disinter their fathers corpse and scientifically scrutinize the remains for any signs of suspected foul play. Eric would never have exhumed his fathers remains while she was alive. THE CAMP ON BLOOD ISLAND Meanwhile, ex-CIA man Robert Lashbrook fought the New York D.A.s attempts to interview him; he eventually submitted to a deposition. A handful of American defectors are known to live in Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, and some are believed to have appeared in North Korean propaganda films. I suppose its this LSD shit.. In fact, Eric Olson believes that only his fathers drink was spiked, and that the substance he imbibed was probably not LSD but something stronger. The CIA was using German SS prisoners and Norwegian Quislings [collaborators] taken from jails and detention centres as guinea pigs to test Camerons theories about mind control. Lashbrook told Dr. Abramson something he should put in his report about Olson. The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface. When Dr Sargant learned of Frank Olsons death I recall him telling me it came in a priority message from the British Embassy in Washington Sargant came to the immediate conclusion that Olson could only have been murdered. I always wanted chickens, Feldman recalled, so I bought a chicken ranch. files still available, that his associate Dr. Margaret Ferguson was still alive in 1993. Experts later told Eric that a man would have to be running more than thirty miles per hour to crash through such a window and the hotel room was too short for even an accomplished athlete to accomplish it. But today, he sees that material from a different point of view. A medical examiner will try to determine the direction of impact, the type of object that caused it, and how often contact was made. Then when she died in 1994 he decided to test the official story of his fathers death. covert operations] in 1959, he was very interested in MKULTRA, said Gottlieb. There exists today no on-paper evidence (that anyone has yet uncovered) that MK-ULTRA was the progenitor of either a conspiracy to unleash remote-controlled lethal human robots or to emasculate an entire generation by oversaturating it with a mind-frying drug. The sense of euphoria and hallucinations that accompanied it might well lead those under interrogation to drop their guard and inhibitions, enabling a free flow of information. The Olson family had been advised against an open casket funeral cemetery on the advice of Dr. Olsons superiors who had represented that his injuries were too gruesome to behold. Walter, the former Detrick anthrax maker, calls the Big Five hair-raising. While Gottlieb was looking for better sources of LSD, the CIAs ARTICHOKE committee developed concern that for-agency personnel might, Lill &I t h e influence of drugs, reveal top-secret information to outsiders. Feldman told Eric that Frank Olson had been murdered. This magician is all but forgotten today but back then he was a big star, a David Copperfield, who mysteriously bowed out of the public eye in 1953, claiming ill health, when the truth was that he had been secretly employed by Sidney Gottlieb to teach agents how to spike peoples drinks with LSD. Walter was involved in anthrax production from selection of seed stock to the dry, deadly spore powder ready to be loaded into a bomb; his final job was as principal investigator in a lab that studied anthrax and other powder weapons. Lashbrook shared an apartment in Washington, D. C. with EDWIN SPOEHEL. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvz298 Discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman on April 16, 1943, d-lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD as it would become known seemed to be a drug custom-made for the intelligence community. My purpose was to see that we got guys up there we wanted to talk and through other people we got prostitutes to talk to these guys and each prostitutes would put something which I found out later was LSD into their drink and made them talk. Mulholland wrote Gottlieb back on May 11. In comparison with the other guys from the CIA, he has an open face. Another completed task not noted in the outline was making models of such equipment as has been described in the manual.. However, there are many cases in which firearms are probably more efficient than any other means. Both believed your father was murdered by the CIA. On July 17, 1953, Olson celebrates his 43rd birthday with friends. This session presented just such an opportunity. Rinkel, who fled Nazi Germany before the war to work at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, had known both Abramson and Hoch when all three studied together at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Germany. A gun or a bomb leaves no doubt that a deliberate attack has occurred. Morganthau agreed, assigning the task to his cold case unit. It took me a while to remember this because it seemed so unlikely. People arent bad, merely sick. Even at that young age, Eric saw the 2,415-mile journey as a metaphor. This description of the fateful session as a trap obviously contradicted the official CIA story that Olson had been one of seven human guinea pigs in a simple LSD experiment. 33.19 Was it broken? All the MK-ULTRA experiments were futile, he told Eric. She recalled one call. They rigged light fixtures and car tailpipes to loose an invisible spray of anthrax. At that time he had asked for immunity, but Saracco was not sure why he would do so, nor why so much material had been redacted from the Olson files. cit. His deputy, Richard Helms, had a different personality but similar roots. This weapon, known as the machine-pistol by the Russians and Germans and machine-carbide by the British, is occasionally useful in assassination. A well-documented effect of LSD use in some persons is the occurrence of flashbacks, days and even months after the LSD has been taken. This area includes the production of various physiological conditions which could support present or future clandestine operations. This information from Cournoyer fit well with what we already knew and with what we would soon learn. From the beginning, LSD was lauded by military and intelligence scientists working on chemical warfare compounds and mind-control experiments as the most potent mind-altering substance known to man. But that appearance is deceiving. The hotel management had refused my request to disclose the identity of any person resident on November 27, 1953 in the adjoining room. In the United States, Senator Joseph McCarthys anti-Communist crusade was raging. ''He was broken up something awful,'' Pastore told reporters many years later, flat on his back with his legs smashed and bent at a terrible angle. Having already received the document package from the CIA, the matter was now officially over. The present invention relates to cardiac hypertrophy. Absolute reliability is obtained by severing the spinal cord in the cervical region. But declassified invoices the division submitted to the CIA give a sense of the work. But as they were driving up Wisconsin Avenue, Olson had the car pull into a hotel parking lot. I ask us, Harry boy, he said, to forgive the spears weve left in one another. Although ethical standards for such experiments were considerably murkier then than they are now, the CIA launched its LSD research on unwitting subjects even though the U.S. was a party to an international understanding that, in effect, banned such activities. Exactly what kind of work Olson had been engaged in at the time of his accident wasnt a part of the mornings ad hoc grief counseling. Evidence in support of that can be found in Frank Olsons passport. As far as that program was concerned, disclosure was already well underway. Abramson saw Olson twice that day first at his East 58thStreet office and then later that night at Olsons hotel. Harold Blauer, a tennis professional, went there for depression. Farmers would invite us to stay in their houses. He developed serious side effects and was sent to New York with a CIA escort for psychiatric treatment. Self-evidently LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) was at the very top of our list, but other drugs were on it as well. For fifty years the United States has continued to deny that this country has used biological weapons in combat. You seem awfully upset. He said, Oh, you know I must admit, in all honesty, its just coming back to me now. Yet there is never any assurance as to the condition of the remains overtime, the type of coffin used, and the preservative qualities of the embalming fluid, keeping decay at bay for sixty years plus or minus, are just two factors to take into account. The cottage itself was only a quarter of mile from where we were sitting and Railey told me how to find it. military or otherwise, and opposes supervision of his work. Olsen Lab. Erics younger sister, Lisa, was killed in a 1978 plane crash along with her husband and 2-year-old son. A month earlier, on June 11, 1975, an article had appeared on thefront pageof theWashington Post. by this time -- but she did know that whenever his lab tested chemical or biological compounds on monkeys and the monkeys died, her husband would bring a testy silence home. My name's Marc and I'm a sophomore in Pfoho, originally form Framingham, Mass. And then I preceded to ask him about the germ warfare confessions, this was alleged to be by the American government, these confessions made by the American servicemen were immediately discredited by the U.S. government under the idea that these were manipulated and produced only by the effect of brainwashing. Helms later became CIA director and gained a measure of notoriety for his Watergate lying to Congress conviction and a touch of immortality in Thomas Powerss aptly named biography, Marks was told that ORDs files contained 130 boxes of documents relating to behavioral research. However, the simplest local tools are often much the most efficient means of assassination. Feldman told me that in the early 60s, after the MK-ULTRA program had been around for over a decade, he was summoned to George Whites office. Seeing Eric standing beside his fathers remains gave me a start for one was a look-a-like for the other, in the same way that civil rights leader Medgar Evers and his son were seen to be duplicates of each other when Medgar Evers was exhumed from his grave in Arlington National Cemetery. I told Bill what Dr Sargant believed. However the introduction of the drug had a definite effect on the entire group. Albarelli Jr., H.P. At one point, he had said to his wife rather enigmatically, If the Germans had won the Second World War, my colleagues and I would have been prosecuted for war crimes.. Its not an easy theory to wrap your mind around, concedes Nils Olson, 53, Eric Olsons brother. Alice Olson covered the whole subject of Frank's death with a silence that was both baffling and intimidating. A CIA consultant began planning the Artichoke experiments as early as September of 1951. Dr. Jack (James) Frost, a West Virginia Medical Examiner, agreed to perform the autopsy at the Hagerstown (Md) Community College, arranged through the contacts made by Jeff Kercheval, a criminalist with the Hagerstown police lab, who served on the team. As long as the bare outline of the target is discernable, a telescope sight will work, even if the rifle and shooter are in total darkness. A 1949 security document reported: Olson is violently opposed to control of scientific research, either military or otherwise, and opposes supervision of his work.. 11.07 Used here with permission of the authors. However, these agents refused to spill the details without the C.I.A.s releasing them from their confidentiality agreements, and that never happened. Mine was in history, his in clinical psychology. 30.50 Frank Olson had been buried in a sealed casket. It hasnt been to pursue a fixed agenda. Suicide was certainly the finding at the inquestDr Frank Olson, a United States Army scientist, for reasons no one could fathom, had taken his own life. The American response was MK-ULTRA. Elevator shafts, stairwells, unscreened windows and bridges will serve. 40.42 Vice President Public Housing. Fort Detricks Special Operations Division was the top-secret Chemical Corps branch that was Olsons assigned place of work at the time of his death. The fact that Abramson was not a psychiatrist apparently didnt bother Gottlieb, who later sought to justify the peculiar patient referral on national security grounds, that last refuge of panicky civil servants: Abramson, who had considerable experience dosing himself and others with LSD on behalf of the CIA, was already vetted for secrecy. They later received $750,000 in compensation. And on the Monday morning Frank did, indeed, tender his resignation, but his colleagues persuaded him to seek psychological counselling in New York. Mine was in history, his in clinical psychology. Meachums column becomes even more informative when combined with the two long articles by Scott Shane on Detricks Special Operations Division and on the Olson case that ran in the Baltimore Sun three days earlier, on August 1. At mid-centuryThe Sphinxstood as Americas oldest and most prestigious magic magazine. We are using a variety of approaches to discover transcription factors that control the various steps of heart formation. Although the team did not say sobecause it could be only suppositionsomeone had struck Olson on the head with a hammer, smashed open the window, probably with the same hammer, and had then thrown Olson out. . Back home in the United States, some of those deeper connections had begun to surface on their own. 2. For 23 years, I have editedThe Sphinxas a labor of love and without financial reward. That encounter came to naught because of his distress over the presence of the media. This would create the desired impression of concern, while at the same time avoiding the possibility that Olson would indeed land in a hospital that same night and out of the reach of his CIA caretakers. Its a bit like the story my mother used to tell about my father before he was married. Dr Foltz is an eminent toxicologist well versed in the use of gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to assay the presence of LSD in bodily tissues. It read: After reading the newspaper accounts on the tragic death of your husband, I felt compelled to write to you. The blow to the head creates a wave effect on the brain tissue, causing it to flow to the side of the skull opposite the injury site where hemorrhaging occurs when the moving brain tissue finds no outlet and crashes against the inner table of the skull. But Eric, the eldest, couldnt settle down. The following eight chapters illustrated with diagrams hand-drawn by Mulholland ran over 100 pages and outlined how to apply the magicians art to the needs of espionage and covert activity. I spent the night at the Point View Inn next to the bar where I had met Jim Railey. Whether the truth is homicide or suicide induced by a reckless drug experiment, the Olson saga is a cautionary tale in an era that echoes the early days of the Cold War. He said that when he found Olson, his eyes were open while he was making a supreme effort to speak, but words were only an incomprehensible gurgle. The police suspected foul play. The CIA report offers no more details about Olsons doings on that Friday. At the point of impact, the skull was split from right to left across the top of the skull allowing it to be manipulated as if it were hinged. It was always referred to as the pad, never the apartment, and was modeled after Playboy magazine, 1955 . We had a triad of possibilities to consider: that someone in the room had hit Olson and pushed or dropped him out; that he had hit something on the way out or down; and that he had received his injury on the sidewalk. I met Elmore Leonard in 1996 at a book signing at a bookshop called Killer Books in Washington, together with his friend James Grady who wrote 6 Days of the Condor (changed to 3 Days of the Condor for the movie). As I sat in Eric Olsons house and listened to his story I remembered that I had heard Sidney Gottliebs name mentioned before, in some other faraway context. But for what reason? The circumstances surrounding the death are taught as a case study at the Mossad Training School outside Tel Aviv. This worsening coincided with considerable publicity in the press about the return to the United States of twenty-five airmen who had made confessions of using biological warfare in Korea. Grady was very familiar with the Olson storyhe had interviewed my sister in 1975 for a Jack Anderson column. My father's case covers both. Greg had married Eric Olsons sister, Lisa. These discussions with Dr. Di Maio, along with my review of the vast documentary evidence regarding Dr. Olsons death and the congressional investigations into it, convinced me that an exhumation was warranted. In order to facilitate these conferences, Mulholland was provided an additional travel allowance. (p 157-168). Yet, four hours later, Olson fell (sic) to his death. Albarelli came to Olson in his research into the case. Although the CIA documents that Colby had given the Olson family filled in some missing details, it raised as many questions as it purported to answer. Ike, he says, we want you as an agent. I have been traveling an unconscionable amount. This was said for the blond woman as much as for me. I wondered, to myself, with that attitude controlling his decision-making, how many murderers had escaped their just deserts in New York City on his watch. Sidney Gottlieb was always looking for ways to test the effects of his chemicals. He owned a farm in Frederick Maryland, to which I would journey with my family on many occasions. Within months, the Korean War was raging, Sen. Joseph McCarthy was launching his hunt for Communist agents, and pressure was on to build new U.S. germ weapons. Source : Eric Olson. At the time, the spook scientists suspected that LSD had the potential to reprogram the human personality. He told Alice he wanted to quit his job and become a dentist. Under ordinary circumstances, the 5MG shold be used as a fully automatic weapon. Had Frank Olson said or done something that was as he himself feared a breach of security? In his account of historys first acid trip, Dr. Hofmann wrote, My field of vision swayed before me like the reflections in an amusement-park mirror. It was clearly illegal to test potentially dangerous drugs on unsuspecting United States citizens.. When I reached the town of Accident Maryland I figured I must be getting close. Was the CIA implicated in my fathers 1961 suicide attempt? And then lure them into revealing secrets. Fanning out across the country, SO Division officers also played the role of bioterrorists in an era before the word had even been coined. Now, its hard to be sure, Dix, because I only acquired this at several removes, but Gottlieb seems to have had a honey of a theory, worked out in collaboration with Mrs. Montague and her theories. A long and grueling journey toward understanding seemed to be coming to an end. Ruwet was a close friend of the Olson family, he had been in contact with Olson daily since June 1953 and had been with Lashbrook and Olson in New York until the previous day. If his mother shared his doubts, Eric said, she never acted on them: My mothers mantra was: You are never going to know what happened in that hotel room. Its an injunction, a kind of threat, a taboo and a prediction.. Its been added onto quite a bit, but its still there. His talk there, wrote Forrest Robinson, featured a highly literary rendering of a psilocybin trip that he took with Timothy Leary a year earlier. Planning the Artichoke experiments as early as September of 1951 generate suspicions circumstances surrounding the death taught. Wanted chickens, Feldman recalled, so I bought a chicken ranch and perplex us LSD ( lysergic acid )... Met Jim Railey information from Cournoyer fit well with what we would soon learn full,... 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