[150], In 2002, NASA granted US$15,000 to James Oberg for a commission to write a point-by-point rebuttal of the hoax claims. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. On the makeup of the Moon rocks, Kaysing asked: "Why was there never a mention of gold, silver, diamonds or other precious metals on the moon? Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agencys Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget line reserved for building, maintaining and demolishing infrastructure. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. Discover the best publication that space professionals throughout the world turn to first. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. The B-2 test facility is located at Plum Brook Station, in Sandusky, Ohio. Why was this fact never dicussed [sic] in the press or by the astronauts? [113] Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. [136] Most personal computers as of 2019, use 50,000100,000 times this amount of RAM. [46][47] To date, nobody from the United States government or NASA linked to the Apollo program has said the Moon landings were hoaxes. Lewis management also actively solicited other agencies and institutions to use Plum Brook for their test programs. Engineers carefully deactivated the facilities in such a way that they could be restored in the future. About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. The fact that his brother, Raul Kubrick, was the head of the American Communist Party may have been one of the avenues pursued by the government to get Stanley to cooperate. A majority of the test facilities are underutilized, with the level of use and funding for these facilities depending on NASA programs and external customers choosing to perform testing at Plum Brook rather than at other NASA or private facilities, the IG wrote in the 28-page report, Audit of NASAs Requirements for Plum Brook Station.. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. No purchase necessary. NASA Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station 3899 E. Scheid Road Sandusky, Ohio 44870 Prepared by: Leidos 1750 Presidents Street Reston, Virginia 20190 September 2020 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FINAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PLAN FOR CERCLA ACTIVITIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PLUM BROOK STATION SANDUSKY, OHIO The inspector general recommended NASA create a long-term strategy for either maintaining or disposing of underutilized infrastructure at Plum Brook. The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility had last been used in 1998, and both the Hypersonic Test Facility and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory hadnt been used in four years. ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below), Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5MN (340,000lbf) of thrust, Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1, 3. 7. He described the emergence of the atomic age and the weapons of mass destruction that were piling up in the storehouses of the American and Soviet nations. Plum Brook Station facilities including Space Propulsion Research Facility (foreground) and Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (upper left), Plum Brook Station (Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility). Instead, far from calling the landings a hoax, the third edition (19701979) of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which was translated into English between 1974 and 1983 by Macmillan Publishers, and was later made available online by TheFreeDictionary.com[22]) contained many articles reporting the landings as factual, such as its article on Neil Armstrong. 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All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", meaning that the conspiracists' claims were not true. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere.[109]. For example, 2001 was released before the first Apollo landing and Kubrick's depiction of the Moon's surface differs greatly from its appearance in the Apollo footage. Offer subject to change without notice. It is argued that, because the USSR was unable to do this, the United States should have also been unable to develop the technology to do so. [174] Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. [115][116] Apollo 11 data tapes containing telemetry and the high-quality video (before scan conversion from slow-scan TV to standard TV) of the first moonwalk are also missing. [11][12] The book claims that the chance of a successful crewed landing on the Moon was calculated to be 0.0017%, and that despite close monitoring by the USSR, it would have been easier for NASA to fake the Moon landings than to really go there. The contrast has been tweaked (yielding the "spotlight effect") and a black band has been pasted at the top. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). [a][15] Folklorist Linda Dgh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. Some of the main facilities hadnt been used for years. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. Four mission-worthy Lunar Roving Vehicles (LRV) were built by Boeing. 5. Lewis reactivated the B2 vacuum chamber in 1987, SPF and K Site in 1988, and the HTF in 1993. The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. [30], Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancellations, which were made for cost-cutting reasons. NASA and ERDA constructed larger wind turbines at other sites around the country to study the integration of wind energy into the local power grids. However, still photos of the original SSTV image are available (see photos). The 1994 book Moon Shot[76] contains an obviously fake composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. Engineers inspect the inlet of a prototype Hypersonic Research Engine scramjet prior to a test run in Hypersonic Tunnel Facility. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. In 1961, NASA's Plum Brook Reactor Facility in Sandusy, Ohio went live, with a focus on researching nuclear-powered vehicles first airplanes, and then rockets. Proving a hoax would have been a huge propaganda win for the Soviets. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope should be able to photograph the landing sites. [33] Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,[34] they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. [119] A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. [135] This computer had 96kB of memory. NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is now the [117] suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. Apollo 17 LM leaving the Moon; rocket exhaust visible only briefly, Apollo 8 launch through the first stage separation, Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863), Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs. In another blow for B-2, the European Space Agency apparently will not use the facility to test the upper-stage engine for the successor to its Ariane 5 rocket. NASA also used the Space Power Facility to test its Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. [128] Three of them were carried to the Moon on Apollos 15, 16, and 17, used by the astronauts for transportation once on the Moon, and left there. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. Had 460 hours of spaceflight ; the United States had 1,024 hours there was nothing abrupt... 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