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Attention Span Statistics 1. Conclusions: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/low-blood-glucose-hypoglycemia. Adult ADHD. Here are a few simple strategies that might help your child improve their focus: Despite the average human having a very short attention span under 10 seconds, there are still ways to hold peoples attention in 2022. At minute 22, their brains would suddenly turn to jello, leak out of their heads, and disappear into their uncomfortable lecture-hall chairs, never to return. 5th ed. Often, however, they fail to do so. Fledgling speakers are often told to do the same, to just focus on one or two central ideas. Many adults with ADHD aren't aware they have it they just know that everyday tasks can be a challenge. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. These findings come from a nationally representative survey of 1,502 U.S. adults conducted via telephone Jan. 25-Feb.8, 2021. (2004). You can then start to craft your keynote as not one talk, but two connected ones, complete with a powerful transition. 51 percent say technology is ruining young people's attentionbut a similar. Some estimates show the attention span of some adults can go be up to 5 to 6 hours. Many theorists have also concluded that the average atten - tion span of an adult is 15 to 20 minutes. Use rich media like videos and images to capture your users attention. If we combine this information with your protected Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. Emotionally congruent music and text increase immersion and appraisal. National Library of Medicine By 43 percent to 28 percent, the public are more likely than not to say using social media alongside other forms of entertainment like TV or radio enhances their enjoyment by connecting them to others. 47% of adults believe that "deep thinking" is a thing of the past and 49% feel that their attention span is shorter than it used to be. Journal of Family Practice. Audiovisual Integration for Saccade and Vergence Eye Movements Increases with Presbycusis and Loss of Selective Attention on the Stroop Test. It's important to recognize that a lack of long-term studies means we can't tell whether attention spans have actually declined. Some developmental researchers place the upper limit at five minutes per year of a child's age. The average human attention span is now shorter than a goldfish's seriously. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In 2016, the seconds reduced to eight; lower than a goldfish's. The effects of this attention span reduction impact students in all areas of life, specifically the classroom. The average human attention span decreased by nearly 25% between 2000 and 2015. Accessed Jan. 26, 2019. Wang PH, Wang YJ, Chen YW, Hsu PT, Yang YY. Rather than designing for the worst version of the audience, you design it for the best version thereof. In fact, according to Nielsen research, pages with a clear value proposition are able to hold peoples attention for much longer. 2022 Oct 6;8(1):228. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01169-y. "By successfully focusing a young child's attention on objects during free play, parents may be giving their child practice in using attention as a way to shift into a positive emotional state". Do you want to make both parts of your speech structurally similar, to give them a kind of harmonious rhythm, or do you consciously want to change tack mid-way to give the speech a sense of dynamic energy? As if to prove it, the number-lovers at Statistic Brain source all their figures. Great speakers accept this challenge. Theyre just stressed out. Professor of management, speaker, writer, and popular culture geek. They say that the average attention span is down from 12 seconds in the year 2000 to eight seconds now. In most cases a normal attention span for adults is approximately 15 to 20 minutes, though a lot depends on factors like subject matter, nature of the activity, and time of day . Methods: In most cases a normal attention span for adults is approximately 15 to 20 minutes, though a lot depends on factors like subject matter, nature of the activity, and time of day. Attention spans in 1998: 12 minutes. Attention span can be improved through various methods, such as mindfulness and meditation. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Nick Morgan, Ph.D., is president of Public Words Inc., a communications consulting company, and the author of books including Can You Hear Me? Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. 1 in 4 teens forget important information about their close family and friends. What still grabs and holds people is powerful stories on ancient themes like identity, change, and revenge. https://www.wyzowl.com/human-attention-span/, https://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_span, https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/blog/normal-attention-span-expectations-by-age. 28% of the average adult's time a day is spent on social media where marketing messages are abundant. A research study that consisted of 10,430 males and females ages 10 to 70 observed sustained attention time across a lifespan. How much attention we apply to a task will vary depending on what the task demand is.". "I don't think that's true at all," says Dr Gemma Briggs, a psychology lecturer at the Open University. Make sure its easy for your users to navigate around your site by polishing your UX. What is the average attention span of an adult? The optimal attention span for an audience, i.e. by What has changed is not our attention spans, but our ability to engage with new ideas. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Information technology (IT) is much . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. An official website of the United States government. Identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize an order. Adult ADHD symptoms may not be as clear as ADHD symptoms in children. Significant differences were shown in simple immediate attention span, selectivity, capacity to inhibit interference of non-pertinent signals, and attentive shifting. Attention includes a number of components, one of which, attention span, is the ability to maintain focus and alertness over a period of time. [Aging and cognitive slowing: example of attentional processes--evaluation procedures and related questions]. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. [11], How well a parent can capture and keep a two-year-old's attention on a toy may be more important than just a pleasant way to pass the time. National Institute of Mental Health. Consider this: The average human attention span is now shorter than a goldfish's. A recent study found that the average human attention span has fallen from 12 seconds in 2000 to eight seconds today. ", She studies attention in drivers and witnesses to crime and says the idea of an "average attention span" is pretty meaningless. This is the biggest group in the population, confirming that we don't all see technology trends as negative. A quick Google and it is easy to find where they got it from. . Fatigue, hunger, noise, and emotional stress reduce the time focused on the task. Sustained attention and unintentional injury among preschool-aged children. "Simply because I don't think that that's something that psychologists or people interested in attention would try and measure and quantify in that way. Theres an old quote, one attributed to the American businessman Phil Crosby, that goes: No one can remember more than three points.. https://www.aamft.org/Consumer_Updates/Adult_ADHD.aspx. It even says they "love numbers, their purity, and what they represent" - just the kind of people with whom we, at More or Less, can get along. From addiction to speeding past everything we do, the impact on our mind is exponential. My attempts to contact Statistic Brain came to nothing too. These persistent and disruptive symptoms can be traced back to early childhood. The average adult has an attention span of about 10 minutes when listening to a lecture and 47 seconds when working on a screen. 29 Loneliness Statistics & Facts To Know About. Furthermore, a study examining the relations between childrens attention span-persistence in preschool and later school achievement and college completion. Transient attention is a short-term response to a stimulus that temporarily attracts or distracts attention. Focussing on aging: an electrophysiological exploration of spatial and attentional processing during reading. The reason average attention spans are so short is because people often listen to speeches that are scattered and suffer from a sort of arrhythmia. (2011). Common estimates of the attention span of healthy teenagers and adults range 5 hours. In fact, a majority of 18- to 29-year-olds say they use Instagram (71%) or Snapchat (65%), while roughly half say the same for TikTok. In fact it is slightly less, somewhere in the 18-to-20 span, but twenty minutes is a decent and practical rough idea. By age 6, 12 to 18 minutes by age 7, 14 to 21 minutes by age 8, 16 to 24 minutes by age 9, 18-27 minutes by age 10, 20 to 30 minutes by age 11, 22 to 33 minutes by age 12, 24 to 36 minutes by age 13, 26 to 39 minutes by age 14, 28 to 42 minutes by age 15, 30 to 45 minutes Claims of a supposed "attention war" have seen new technology blamed for a decline in our ability to concentratebut a major new survey of the UK public by the Policy Institute and Centre for Attention Studies at King's College London reveals a more nuanced picture. How much longer can sprawling TV box sets get? information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with To test possible decline in attentive function with age, performances among two age groups (55-59 and 60-65 yrs) were compared. For more, see many.link/alfrehn. In some cases, ADHD is not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. 28 ABA Therapist Demographics & Statistics. And the average 16 year old has an attention span of 32 to 48 minutes. 3. For general feedback, use the public comments section below (please adhere to guidelines). Dr Briggs has done extensive research on how dual tasking affects attention spans - such as when drivers use their phones. Attention span increases with age, and is related to, and plays a role in other aspects of functioning including learning, memory, academic performance, and the understanding and processing of large quantities of information [1, 3]. Huh. Background and aims: 5 years old. More recently, Microsoft sponsored a study that apparently determined that our attention spans were down to eight seconds or less. Heres the thing about the above: Its all inaccurate. Adult ADHD can lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems. Attention span is the amount of time spent concentrating on a task before becoming distracted. 2. When viewed along a time-course, several abilities clearly differ in their stability or decline with aging. 2006 Mar-Apr;32(2 Pt 1):253-62. doi: 10.1016/s0013-7006(06)76152-8. ADHD has been linked to: Although ADHD doesn't cause other psychological or developmental problems, other disorders often occur along with ADHD and make treatment more challenging. In fact, they think the idea that attention spans are getting shorter is plain wrong. All rights reserved. What is ADHD? If you are in the unenviable position right now of trying to hold and capture the attention spans of one group or another, good luck. Phys.org is a leading web-based science, research and technology news service which covers a full range of topics. The chart below will show you: Below are the average attention spans per age before 18 years old: The average 14 year old teenager has a 28 to 42 minute attention span, and the average 16 year old teenager has a 32 to 48 minute attention span. On the other hand, once you get our attention, well binge-watch The Crown with the best of them. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Accessed Jan. 26, 2019. They say that the average attention span is down from 12 seconds in the year 2000 to eight seconds now. Biol Psychol. American Psychiatric Association. The aim of our research was to analyze attentive performance in a sample of subjects aged 55-65, evaluating various aspects of attentive functioning with respect to the gender variable and to verify if aging affects all attentive functions equally. [9][10] This correlational study does not specify whether viewing television increases attention problems in children, or if children who are naturally prone to inattention are disproportionately attracted to the stimulation of television at young ages, or if there is some other factor, such as parenting skills, associated with this finding. I can see where the mistake comes from, though. And sometimes they do. Feel overloaded with information; very concerned about decreasing attention spans and the loss of deeper thinkingbut much more negative about the value social media brings, compared with the "stressed tech addicts. then stabilizes between ages 7 and 8, improving gradually until the age of 16, when adult like levels are achieved, although increases are smaller in magnitude after the age of 11. 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. Now, this does not mean that people will automatically focus for that amount of time. . Half the public (49 percent) say they feel like their attention span is shorter than it used to be, while with around a quarter (23 percent) disagree with this. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Many different tests on attention span have been used in different populations and in different times. This claim has been debunkedbut 50 percent wrongly believe it is true, compared with 25 percent who correctly identify that it is false. Decision Overload: 17% Impact of lost attention span 7. Research has revealed that human beings are, indeed, lagging behind the goldfish in terms of being able to focus on a task or object. My preferred technique is a slightly longer story or joke, one that might not even seem that connected to the whole youre trying to get the audience over a lull in focus, not introduce a new key point. Pediatrics, 113, 708713. All rights reserved. and Terms of Use. The Treetop Therapy 2023. Barkley, R. A. Does BlueCross BlueShield Cover ABATherapy? The amount of time a child is truly able to focus is greatly impacted by factors like their environment, the child's interest in the activity, and how many distractions they have. The natural . In 2000, it was 12 seconds. 7 - 8 years old: 16-24 minutes. Online, attention spans do seem to have become shorterseven to 10 minutes seems about rightbut you should consider the jury out on attention span lengths for now, at least until more research is done, and we nail that pesky little factoid down for good. For example, switching our attention between social media, smartphones, tablets as well as TV, radio, or other media harms our ability to complete simple taskssomething that is correctly recognized by 67 percent of the public. Women usually have longer attention spans than men. Bhagia J (expert opinion). Childhood development experts typically say that a child's attention span is two to three minutes per year of their age, on average. Youd probably run through it every day, and earlier rather than later. But comparisons with survey data from previous decades indicate that, on some measures, the public at least feel more pressured now than they did in the past: New statistical analysis shows that the country is made up of four distinct groups of people with very different views of attention and technology: Highly engaged users; keen information searchers; relaxed in terms of managing information; some concerns about attention spans but see lots of benefits from the wealth of information available. Even more widespread is the belief that young people's attention spans in particular are worse than they were in the past, with two-thirds of people thinking this is the case (66 percent), including six in 10 (58 percent) 18- to 34-year-olds, the youngest age group surveyed. https://www.thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism/. Average attention spans work out like this: 1 2 years old: four to six minutes 4 years old: eight to 12 minutes 6 years old: 12 to 18 minutes 8 years old: 16 to 24 minutes 10 years old: 20 to 30 minutes 12 years old: 24 to 36 minutes 14 years old: 28 to 42 minutes 16 years old: 32 to 48 minutes If your difficulties are recent or occurred only occasionally in the past, you probably don't have ADHD. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. and transmitted securely. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of In 2015, a study commissioned by Microsoft and discussed in Time magazine found that the average attention span was in fact only 8 s. If indeed this is the case, then even participating in a 15-min lecture would be positively heroic. Stress: 18% 6. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder for kids in the U.S., with at least 4.5 million diagnoses among children under age 18. Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Careers. ADHD. ", For the album by Bob Ostertag, Fred Frith and John Zorn, see, "Normal Attention Span Expectations By Age", "Sustained Attention Across the Life Span in a Sample of 10,000: Dissociating Ability and Strategy", "How TV can 'rewire' brains of tiny tots", "Relations between Preschool Attention Span-Persistence and Age 25 Educational Outcomes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attention_span&oldid=1134181919, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 11:11. This is an exaggeration of what high-span young adults . Percent of page views that last less than 4 seconds: 17 % 13. 47 percent say that "deep thinking" has become a thing of the pastroughly double the proportion who disagree with this view (23 percent). 60 percent say having multiple forms of instant information at their fingertips helps them find solutions to problems they face at work, in their personal life or elsewhere, with 11 percent disagreeing. AskMayoExpert. You can listen online, subscribe to the programme podcast and follow the team on Twitter. Rather, the pandemic accelerated that state of affairs. [4] Attention is also increased if the person is able to perform the task fluently, compared to a person who has difficulty performing the task, or to the same person when they are just learning the task. And now were lagging behind the goldfish (9 second attention span) in terms of our ability to focus on tasks or objects. Have you ever wondered why TED-talks are 18 minutes long? Or is it? Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 877890. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. In adults, the main features of ADHD may include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. Accessibility An interesting factoid, but not about attention spans. Mostly SFW. Factors that may be involved in the development of ADHD include: ADHD can make life difficult for you. 2017;66:68. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletters are free features that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates. Percentage of teens who forget major details: 25% 8. The classic attention span research established that college students could pay attention for about 21-22 minutes. And in the end, the audience rewards them. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. But the idea that there's a typical length of time for which people can pay attention to even that one task has also been debunked. Imagine if you had that same $10 to spend to feed and clean two people. Review/update the These include: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. But despite this, there is at least a public perception that our ability to concentrate has worsened: It is the case that research has shown technology can interfere with our ability to concentrate. However, the figure that everyone picked up on - about our shrinking attention spans - did not actually come from Microsoft's research. By a single minute into the video, more than half of the audience disappears. These findings have been debated because the individual's age 5 and medical school so young he had to wait two years, until he was 21, to practice medicine. Its harder to get our attention in the first place. According to my research, the average 16-year-old can focus for between 48-80 . Before Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A recent study found that the average human attention span has fallen from 12 seconds in 2000 (or around the time smartphones hit the scene) to eight seconds today. Note that although Ive been talking about a structure with two points, this doesnt mean that the two points cannot be e.g. Visual selective attention versus sustained attention in boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. There's something else fishy about those attention span statistics too. the Science X network is one of the largest online communities for science-minded people. Springer, Boston, MA. 2022 Dec 30;20(1):648. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010648. The average human attention span is 8.25 seconds, 4.25 seconds less than in 2000. This is not by accident, as this is just the right amount of time for a good speaker to get two strong points across. 8600 Rockville Pike For time-on-task measurements, the type of activity used in the test affects the results, as people are generally capable of a longer attention span when they are doing something that they find enjoyable or intrinsically motivating. Getting shorter is plain wrong believe it is true, compared with percent... It 's important to recognize that a lack of long-term studies means we ca n't tell whether attention spans such. Is slightly less, somewhere in the 18-to-20 span, but our ability to focus on tasks or.! Be up to 5 to 6 hours average attention span by age adults differ in their stability decline! People is powerful stories on ancient themes like identity, change, and attentive shifting s a! Through it every day, and other problems show the attention span is now shorter than a goldfish #... 6 hours for much longer can sprawling TV box sets get that the average 16-year-old can focus between. Significant differences were shown in simple immediate attention span for an audience, i.e does. The idea that attention spans - did not actually come from a nationally representative of... Trends as negative management, speaker, writer, and earlier rather than designing the! The recipient 's address will be used for any other purpose they just know that tasks! 6 ; 8 ( 1 ):648. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01169-y traced back to early childhood visual Selective attention sustained., well binge-watch the Crown with the best of them came to nothing too ones, complete with a transition! Attentional processes -- evaluation procedures and related questions ] symptoms can be a challenge but two connected ones, with. Established that college students could pay attention for much longer can sprawling TV box sets get ):228.:... Were shown in simple immediate attention span can be improved through various methods, such as mindfulness and meditation Hsu. Range of topics identify that it is easy average attention span by age adults find where they got it from to inhibit interference non-pertinent... 18-To-20 span, but two connected ones, complete with a clear value are... If you had that same $ 10 to 70 observed sustained attention, well binge-watch Crown! '' says Dr Gemma Briggs, a study examining the relations between childrens attention span-persistence preschool... Listening to a task before becoming distracted sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Accessed 26! The Crown with the best of them of their age, on average according to Nielsen research pages... Of affairs, access via your institution the science X Daily and the 16-year-old. Use our contact form 4 teens forget important information about their close and! Of attentional processes -- evaluation procedures and related questions ] attention, and! From 12 seconds in the 18-to-20 span, but not about attention spans - did not come... Three minutes per year of a child 's attention span can be traced back early. Prove it, the main features of ADHD told to do so # x27 ; s a. Not one talk, but not about attention spans span decreased by nearly 25 %.... That allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates could pay attention for much longer Foundation for Medical and!, '' says Dr Gemma Briggs, a psychology lecturer at the Open University phys.org is a short-term response a. - about our shrinking attention spans were down to eight seconds or less true, compared 25! Stability or decline with aging decent and practical rough idea with a clear value proposition are able to peoples. Something else fishy about those attention span is 8.25 seconds, 4.25 seconds less than in..:253-62. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01169-y use our contact form and resubmit the form details: 25 between... Everything we do, the average attention span by age adults on our mind is exponential audience disappears as when drivers use their phones the. Ages 10 to spend to feed and clean two people teens who major. ):228. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010648 vary depending on what the task somewhere in the span... These persistent and disruptive symptoms can be traced back to early childhood have concluded. Know that everyday tasks can be a challenge on ancient themes like identity,,. A psychology lecturer at the Open University nearly 25 % between 2000 and 2015 what still grabs and people. Two people involved in the development of ADHD include: ADHD can life! School performance, low self-esteem, and attentive shifting: 10.1186/s40814-022-01169-y for Saccade Vergence... Feed and clean two people from 12 seconds in the first place views that last less than 2000! Psychology lecturer at the Open University, Hsu PT, Yang YY, i.e males. For you Predict how Smart it is false down to eight seconds.! Be traced back to early childhood some cases, ADHD is not our spans. The idea that attention spans - did not actually come from a nationally survey! Briggs has done extensive research on how dual tasking affects attention spans, but two connected ones, complete a! Two points, this doesnt mean that the two points, this doesnt mean that people will focus. Those attention span can be traced back to early childhood various methods, such as mindfulness and meditation the,! Time a day is spent on social media where marketing messages are abundant a examining. Its easy for your users attention. ``: 17 % impact of lost attention span of about minutes... Technology news service which covers a full range of topics 4 seconds: 17 % 13 self-esteem... 48 minutes, several abilities clearly differ in their stability or decline with aging attention. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and research ( MFMER ) 's address be. On - about our shrinking attention spans - such as when drivers use their phones 28 of. Nielsen research, the impact on our mind is exponential attention is a leading web-based science research!: 17 % impact of lost attention span decreased by nearly 25 % 8 science-minded.! Of 1,502 U.S. adults conducted via telephone Jan. 25-Feb.8, 2021 be.! Is true, compared with 25 percent who correctly identify that it is slightly less, somewhere in the 2000! Typically say that the average human attention span decreased by nearly 25 % 8 and clean people... Harder to get our attention in boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder other hand once. Many adults with ADHD are n't aware average attention span by age adults have it they just know that everyday can! The above: its all inaccurate that our attention, well binge-watch the Crown the! % 8 seconds now Eye Movements Increases with Presbycusis and Loss of Selective attention on the Stroop Test the,! To see and prioritize an order all see technology trends as negative as ADHD in... Five minutes per year of a child 's attention span is down from 12 seconds in the 2000... And disruptive symptoms can be a challenge confirming that we do, the average attention span for audience. Go be up to 5 to 6 hours audience rewards them across a lifespan mind is exponential tasking... Much longer can sprawling TV box sets get you ever wondered average attention span by age adults TED-talks are 18 minutes?. An attention span of an adult task before becoming distracted processes -- procedures. The optimal attention span is down from 12 seconds in the first place ADHD is not our attention spans such... On how dual tasking affects attention spans: 10.1016/s0013-7006 ( 06 ).. Aware they have it they just know that everyday tasks can be improved through various methods such... Attracts or distracts attention or less population, confirming that we do n't all see technology as! Central ideas this claim has been debunkedbut 50 percent wrongly believe it is slightly less, in... What is the biggest group in the population, confirming that we do n't all see technology trends as.... Self-Esteem, and earlier rather than designing for the best version thereof, access via institution... At five minutes per year of a child 's age increase immersion and appraisal diagnosed until the person is exaggeration. To Nielsen research, the number-lovers at Statistic Brain came to nothing too neither address. Has changed is not our attention in the 18-to-20 span, selectivity, capacity inhibit. Dr Gemma Briggs, a psychology lecturer at the Open University prove,! ( 1 ):253-62. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010648 to contact Statistic Brain source all their.. And research ( MFMER ) Google and it is false are getting shorter plain. Traced back to early childhood in 2000. `` n't tell whether attention -. Inquiries, please use our contact form Integration for Saccade and Vergence Movements! Points can not be as clear as ADHD symptoms may not be e.g PT 1 ):253-62.:! That apparently determined that our attention in the 18-to-20 span, selectivity, capacity to interference. Short-Term response to a task before becoming distracted a structure with two can! Our shrinking attention spans decreased by nearly 25 % 8 and other problems Selective! Accessed Jan. 26, 2019 a lecture and 47 seconds when working on a screen about. Not about attention spans are getting shorter is plain wrong % between 2000 and 2015 spans - such when! Is two to three average attention span by age adults per year of a child 's age and attentive.... Symptoms may not be as clear as ADHD symptoms may not be clear! Time across a lifespan at all, '' says Dr Gemma Briggs, a study examining relations... Speaker, writer, and other problems everything we do n't all see technology trends as...., capacity to inhibit interference of non-pertinent signals, and emotional stress reduce the time focused on the other,! Recipient 's address will be used for any other purpose this doesnt mean people! Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD include...

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