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Needless to say, it's had a lot of success. He has written several books about what music and other pop culture has to say about the broader culture. Potentially offensive or not, Hofstede really believes in the power of culture so much so that he remains the steward of a massive research project begun more than 50 years ago by his late father. This would never happen in a society of large power distance. And this paper was basically sitting in the shelves of libraries for many years. Joe HENRICH: Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. Truth be told, I veer somewhat loose. Theres some D.N.A. So looking decisive, muscular, active or if youre a woman, sexy that makes you more status-worthy. HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. By the way, Gelfand doesnt really take a position on whether loose or tight is superior. Season 10, Episode 49. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. So the scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. The first one measures the level of individualism in a given culture, versus collectivism. HENRICH: Im Joe Henrich. But there must be, I would think, evolution across time, yes? You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. And we manipulated whether their names were like Jamal or Latisha versus Brad and Lorna. And so often, theyll just point at some other country on the map. Neal is making a couple of compelling points here. Hes horrified by my dishwasher-loading behavior. And when I started to work with Harry Triandis, who was one of the founders of the field, I thought, Wow, this is a super-interesting construct. When it was time for college, Gelfand went all the way to upstate New York: Colgate University. I think Joe Biden, for instance, hes trying to play the card of, Were all Americans. Not necessarily better or worse but very different. So how much would you offer? And its by no means easy. It was there, and later on in travels in the Middle East, and working on a kibbutz, and elsewhere, that I started recognizing this really powerful force of culture that was incredibly important but really invisible. Theyre more permissive. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. So the Singapore government says, Look, this is our culture The rest of that sentence didnt have to be said. The best thing you can become is yourself. We are acronymically WEIRD. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism av Freakonomics Radio direkt i din mobil, surfplatta eller webblsare - utan app. GELFAND: Ill just say that there are also other contexts where we naturally tighten. And heres one of the people who created the WEIRD designation. For example, we asked bank managers some years ago to look through scenarios of people violating organizational rules, like coming to work late, staying on the phone too long, maybe checking their email. Now, California is a real interesting exception because it has a lot of threat. All rights reserved. In our . And it got the attention of President Clinton: Bill CLINTON: Its the first Ive heard of it, Ill look into it. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. The most indulgent country in these rankings is Mexico, at 97 out of 100; the most restrained: Egypt, at four. The people that came to New York early on, in the early 1800s, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds. Life is going to be hard. So if you only want to talk about American psychology, youre fine. Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. Michele GELFAND: Its a subfield of psychology that tries to understand whats universal, whats similar, and whats culture-specific. Historically, politically, and yes culturally. And I was like, This is every day in America! SFU users should ignore all messages requesting Computing ID and/or password information, no matter how authentic they may appear. And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. GELFAND: We analyzed shifts in tightness over 200 years. NEAL: We realized that the grind is unsustainable. The authors seek to find simple answers to complicated world problems. 469). And you need revolutions in order to change the government. Thats the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. Since his first study, many people have started to do similar studies. And they often dont even realize theyre being acted upon. We need to change our practices. The book takes the form of six chapters. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? HOFSTEDE: Look, guys, we can do it. DUBNER: And Im guessing youre the spontaneous type. Its very, very hard to do. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. Whatd they say? "Information is a beacon, a cudgel, an olive branch, a deterrent--all depending on who wields it and how.". I do think that today they are living through difficult times, but so are we. Out into the ocean where they were caught by people on jet skis. He takes on questions like: Why do kids with summer birthdays get the flu more often? "Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work, wheareas economics represents how it actually does work.". And as long as you dont kill somebody behind the wheel of a car, your right to do whatever you want to do to yourself is protected. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. And well see if the pandemic may have just maybe relaxed the American habit of work, work, work. I do think that that particular story is idiosyncratic to his experience. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). As for the U.S., Gelfand says the U.S. is not only loose but getting progressively looser. Lets flip it for a moment. And we made sure that the subjects knew that the money was coming from an organization, that the giver did not get any of the money, we ratcheted up our levels of anonymity. That is one of the main guests in todays episode. He started working as an engineer during turbulent years of rebuilding, and soon became a personnel manager. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. 47 min. The best thing you can become is yourself. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. Our theme song is Mr. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in, whereas in other places it seems to be okay to morph and shift your personality, depending on your context. So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people, and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. So the general rules of a loose or tight culture may not be consistently applied to all populations. Today, an overview of the cultural differences. Henrich has written about the notion of time psychology.. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. You can see this on many dimensions: how we work and travel; how we mate and marry; how we care for our children and our elderly; how we police; how we conceive the relationship between the individual and the state; even how we manage death! I dont like to itch, Bert. NEAL: The Soviet bloc, when they talked about freedom, it was freedom from poverty. Theyre threatened by that interdependence, and they want to assert their cultural identities. How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? Open Document. (This is part of theFreakonomics RadioAmerican Culture series). So rules for the sake of having rules are not good. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. HOFSTEDE: Okay, well, dont. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. Its focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual choices. Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. Youre culturally confident. What was I.B.M. GELFAND: And I thought, If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. This is a summary of the book Freakonomics by Stephen DubnerJoin Reading.FM now: https://fourminutebooks.com/go/readingfm/register/Read more summaries: http. The third measures masculinity versus femininity in a given culture. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, people are willing to call out rule violators. Let me give a little background. In the U.S., it was freedom to do whatever the hell that you wanted to. DUBNER: These are the two lines that are the same. 470. Henrich argues that national psychologies can be quite particular, but you may not appreciate that if all you read is the mainstream psychological research. According to the Pew Research Center, 80 percent of Americans claim to believe in God, 55 percent pray at least daily, and 36 percent attend a religious service at least once a week. 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