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Lastly, is it possible the cardboard palm is root bound? Come out from the house about 2 feet. Oleagineux 1:5758. Seeds should be sown immediately, as they are not viable for long. Note that the skirt of dead leaves is beginning to fall off some of the palms in Figure 10. Carry out this pruning during the summer or spring because the palm will have difficulties healing if you cut them during winter. The cardboard palm requires bright light to grow properly. Common mistakes to avoid with lighting: Leave the female sago palm flower head until she is ripe. It is a low-growing plant that may spread 3 to 4 feet (1 m.) and an underground trunk. After cold weather events, it is recommended that cold-damaged leaves not be pruned off until after the threat of additional cold weather (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg318) has passed. Permanent trunk wounds caused by climbing spikes. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. Seeds should be sown immediately, as they are not viable for long. Wait at least an hour after watering to start cutting things back. For this reason, one should never pull off leaves that do not pull off easily. The oldest leaf (on the left side) in the K-deficient spindle palm (Hyophorbe verschafeltii) shown in Figure 8 shows necrosis and frizzling of most leaflets, but the rachis and the basal portion of most leaflets remain alive. My problem is that they are growing so large and spreading out. Compendium of ornamental palm diseases and disorders. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. The cardboard palm plant is native to Mexico and has tropical tendencies in its preferred temperature and light levels. Cardboard plants are slow growing, but can reach up to 6 feet in diameter. Dying fronds appear brownish, yellow or white and are often wilted or hanging down. The more green fronds that are . Effects of experimental defoliation on growth, reproduction, and survival of Astrocaryum mexicanum. Gloves will help protect your hands. Cardboard palm doesn't like to have its roots most frequently. If you hire a tree service, don't let them climb with tree spikes, since these cause permanent damage to the trunk. 1. This just means that your plant is conserving valuable nutrients. The plant known as cardboard palm is neither cardboard nor palm. 2001. Permanent leaf damage occurs at 28 degrees F. Cardboard plants make excellent beach plants, as they tolerate salt and can grow in almost pure sand if necessary. Look for brown sago palm leaves that appear dead. The Cardboard Palm grows in clumps and can get up to 5-10ft tall and 1-5 ft wide. Like most cycads, it looks something like a pine cone. When pruning palms, only remove fronds that are completely brown and that hang below the 9 o'clock or 3 o'clock position. The tips of the palm fronds may turn brown, but that's a natural part of the plant's growth. A lot of varieties become heavier with time because of their weights. HortScience 29:823. Offshoots will form along the trunk and in a few months will begin to form a new canopy, or offshoots will appear near the base of the trunk and will replace the overgrown cycad. It can also tolerate drought and doesnt require a lot of water. Cardboard palm plant (Zamia furfuracea) is one of those ancient plants with a lot of character that can grow inside or outside depending upon your gardening zone. The trunk is also where the unique looking reproductive structures arise. During the following year, this palm would slowly add new leaves to the canopy until, at 12 months, it would again appear like the one in Figure 21. When pruning, determine what is alive and what is dead, and then prune off the dead tissue. If left alone, the seeds may germinate and create a weed problem. Work from the outside in, removing each frond where it attaches to the central stalk. Slow. The "Zamia furfuracea"otherwise known as the "Cardboard Palm . Trimming should be done one to two times a year and only once fronds have turned brown. Video: How to Prune a Cabbage Palm--Lee County Extension on YouTube, Florida Master Gardener Volunteer Program, UF/IFAS Extension: Solutions for Your Life, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS). Tree-trimming is dangerous. Calvez, C. 1976. Discard any seed that floats, as it is not viable. If it is green, the palm tree can be saved. Wipe any dirt or debris from your pruning gear. There is no evidence, however, that reduced trunk caliper reduces palm trunk strength. You do not need to prune self-cleaning palms such as King palms, Kentia palms, Jubaea palms or Chamadoreas. When cones aren't pollinated or if the seeds have been. 1987. In fact, it can seriously damage the palm tree. Cardboard Palm Propagation What is a Zamia cardboard palm? Tip Use bark or leaf mold to mulch cardboard plant. Endress, B.A., D.L. The leaves grow out of a thick, fleshy trunk that serves as a reservoir in times of drought. One looks healthy and is growing loads of leaves, the other looks, "I live surrounded by different types and spices of palms. Look for potassium deficiency in your palm tree. Trim dead fronds or the oldest fronds only. Peterson. Zamia furfuracea is not real palm but rather a cycad, like Sago Palm. Lop the cones off near the base of the cone. Wrap the root in burlap, and then lift it from the hole. Fertilize only twice a year. In Florida, Mexican fan palms about 30 feet tall or less typically retain their dead leaves or leaf bases, but within a year or so of reaching this size, all of these old leaves will begin to drop off by themselves (Figure 11). You can chop down the top growth, but the large root will continue to take up garden space unless you remove it from the soil. When cones aren't pollinated or if the seeds have been shed, cones can become unsightly. Just a couple of seeds can be a fatal dose, especially in children and small animals. Plant spacing Because they take forever to grow and don't get very big anyway, place about 2 feet apart when planting in a row (unless you've bought a larger pot size like 7 gallon, then plant 3 feet apart). They feel like cardboard to the touch, hence the name Cardboard Palm. Pests and Diseases A knife is also useful for removing flower stalks from the tree. This article was co-authored by Maggie Moran. Use bark or leaf mold to mulch cardboard plant. Cyads are dioecious, meaning there are separate male and female plants. . A large cardboard palm isnt easy to transplant, but if the thought of hacking it to pieces during removal is too painful, you can attempt to relocate it. Thanks for the education! or whenever the palm's appearance becomes unacceptable to the owner. Sprinkle a little water on the seeds and keep the soil slightly moist but not soggy for several months. Continue to dig until you find the bottom of the central root. Coconut palms produce heavy fruits that can pose a hazard to people or vehicles below. The only pruning you'll need to do is to trim off dead, diseased, or damaged branches whenever you see them. Better yet, cut down the infected palm as soon as the disease is noticed to reduce the chances of spreading it to other palms. Pull out any dead brown fronds that drop and congregate in the leafy thicket at the areca . Removal of completely dead leaves and flower and fruit stalks from palms is never a problem (Figure 15). The water loosens the earth around the root to make digging easier. Make pruning cuts as close to ground level as possible, or to the dense root and stem mass at the plant base. Make sure whoever you hire does not use gear that could damage the tree, such as climbing spikes or cleats. They are beautiful. Some diseases, such as fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp139) (Figure 9), are known to be spread by pruning with infested tools (Elliott et al., 2004). Leave the green fronds alone, since they're the energy factory for the tree. Thank you, Joyce Dickinson. Never prune for purely cosmetic reasons or else you may risk damaging the tree. Sidhe's work has been published on numerous Web sites, including Gardenguides.com. I have a large cardboard palm and I am moving I want to take part of it with me but I do not want to hurt it can you help me. Provide well-drained potting soil, direct sunlight and watering about once every two weeks. Despite their unattractive appearance, these leaves should be left on the palm as they are providing K in the absence of sufficient K in the soil. You can clean off dirt and rust with a wire-bristle brush, for example. Leaves are olive green, overlapping, with a fuzzy surface that looks like they are made of plastic. Always use extreme care be aware of your surroundings and possible hazards, including weak limbs, the risk of falling, and nearby power lines. Cardboard plant is toxic and should not be planted in a location easily accessed by small children or pets. Tree, shrub, and other woody plant maintenancestandard practices (pruning). Select a group of at least four or five stems from your main plant. The fronds of cardboard plant can grow to 3 feet long with up to twelve pairs of stiff, leathery, dark green leaflets. Each clone should have one to two leaves growing from the center. She has written articles for the Oregon Landscape Contractors Association, chapters of the certification manual for the Oregon Association of Nurseries and translated master gardener materials into Spanish. Most cycads reach sexual maturity at around 20 years of age, and at that time both male and female plants will produce different types of cones -- one will produce pollen and the other will produce seed if fertilized. Remove once freeze [] Frost damage? That would stress the plant and cause erratic growth and problems. Traditionally, arborists have been asked to prune palms prior to the arrival of hurricane season. Other cycads include the native coontie, or Zamia pumila, and the widely used king sago, Cycas revoluta. Aim to remove only the dead, dying, and broken fronds from your palm treedon't remove green fronds unless they're pointing toward the ground. Cardboard Palm has cold resistance, drought resistance. "I am new to palm trees, recently moving from the Midwest to the Southeast (SC), and I wanted to make sure I, "I have two palm trees in my small garden. Contact a medical professional as soon as possible if you suspect poisoning. Remove the sheet and unwrap the fronds after the threat of freeze. When we grow and care for cardboard palm in late autumn, winter and early spring, fertilization is not allowed. It produces interesting shaped cones, egg-shaped on the female plant and long oval-shaped on the male. Contrary to popular belief, the palm in Figure 1 is not a properly pruned palm. The individual leaves of an areca palm should not be trimmed. (90-120 cm) Spacing: 6-8 ft. (1.8-2.4 m) Hardiness: USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 C (25 F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Seed cone on the left | right one seed cone with seeds exposed. Never cut off the top, or crown, of the palm. Therefore, extreme care should be taken whenever handling the roots, seeds, leaves, and cones. 2. Carefully cover short palm trees with a blanket or sheet before an expected freeze. You might give it a new pot with fresh potting soil and add some extra perlite to facilitate drainage. Approved. 2004. Spray Liquid Copper Fungicide. You should fertilize with a slow release palm food or a diluted household plant food once monthly during the growing season. It is great for USDA Zones 9a (20 to 25 F) to 11 (above 40 F). Removal of old palm leaf skirts such as those found on Mexican fan palms (Figure 10) can remove hiding places for rats, snakes, scorpions, and other desirable or not so desirable wildlife. Soak the seed in a bucket for several days, changing the water daily. If one starts with a K-sufficient palm with a full 360-degree canopy of healthy leaves, then, in theory, one could prune off as many living leaves from the bottom of the canopy as would be produced by the palm during the interval between prunings without ever seeing a single deficient or dead leaf on the palm during that time. What Are Cycads: Learn About Growing Cycad Plants, Controlling Rot Diseases In Sago Palm Trees, Sago Palm Wilting: Tips On Treating A Sick Sago Palm, Reasons For No Brussels Sprouts On Plants, How To Make A Low-Maintenance Gravel Yard, Window Pane Greenhouse: Making A Greenhouse Out Of Old Windows, Boston Ivy Winter Care: Information On Boston Ivy Vines In Winter, What Is Daffodil Bud Blast: Reasons Why Daffodil Buds Dont Open, Holiday Gift Plant Care: Information On Caring For Holiday Plants, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. Growing from seeds As cardboard palm seeds can eventually reach a diameter of 6 feet, plant them approximately 8 feet apart. Press, St. Paul, MN. 2 Pruning, or more importantly, excessive pruning, can affect palms in a number of ways. Keep seeds and foliage away from children and pets. Trunk collects water that is used during drought. Spread a 2-to-3 inch layer of organic mulch over the soil surrounding the cardboard plant to improve moisture retention and insulate the root system. Cardboard palms adapt well to indoor environments and can be kept as houseplants year-round. J. Ecol. I live and work in Florida where I have a house with a big tropical garden full of palm trees. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Once the seedling has emerged, it will look nothing like your adult plant. Fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm (, An overpruned "hurricane-cut" coconut palm (. Hard pruning - cutting back up to one-third to even one-half of a plant - should only be done in warm months.March 15th through October 15th. A properly fertilized and pruned palm like the one in Figure 2 should have a round canopy with green leaves right down to the bottom. Crown fracture and palm type-initial findings. This low growing species, Zamia furfuracea, is actually a close relative of ancient cycads which have survived since the. ANSI (American National Standards Institute). Leftover dirt and sap may help spread soil-borne diseases. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Both can slow tree growth by providing food or shelter for pests. Prune cones. Cardboard palm often has leaf spot damage, which can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times liquid. Keep the sand moderately moist and transplant when the root base is robust. Recently planted a zamia that has a 4" cone. Dig out the main root, being careful not to damage it with the shovel. Treat roots with benomyl (a fungicide), and plant in your selected container. Dispose of cut leaves elsewhere. Read our Returns Policy for more information Propagation by seed is the best way to grow more plants. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Trimming an indoor palm plant (family Arecaceae) can be important in keeping it healthy. In addition to periodic pruning, you may want to remove the fruit stalks from certain palm trees to keep them safe and prevent future problems. A hand saw or pruning saw will make it easier to remove thicker, larger fronds from the tree. In public areas, coconut palm fruit drop is a major liability concern, and it is much easier to remove small flower stalks than heavy clusters of fruit (Figure 19). In zones cooler than 9, grow cardboard plant indoors as a houseplant. These observations are supported by research on African oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) (Calvez 1976; Chan and Duckett 1978). Cut each frond at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) from the trunk. 25 Front Yard Palm Tree Landscape Designs (with Pictures), 20 Amazing Palm Tree Landscape Design Ideas (with Pictures), What Palm Trees Are Native To United States (with Pictures), 10 Most Popular Fast Growing Palm Trees (with Pictures), Best Soil Mix For Your Palm Trees Indoor and Outdoor, How To Care For Indoor Palm Trees And Not To Kill Them, How to Grow and Care for Potted Palm Trees Outdoors, Expert Advice: How to Prune a Palm Tree (with Pictures), Top 10 Most Popular Florida Palm Trees (with Pictures), 10 Reasons Why Palm Leaves Are Turning Brown or Yellow. How to Get Rid of the Roots of an Oleander Without a Grinder, 9 drought-tolerant plants for any outdoor space. Their leaves fall off naturally as they die, making trimming unnecessary. Sometimes they are sold in clumps, with more than one trunk in a pot. Tie a knot at the top of the loops. It can be safely overwintered in winter when the temperature is above 5. I want to split my cardboard palm into 3 separate plants, as it has 3 heads which are all joined together. Take the loose petiole (blade) between your fingers and pull gently. It will be better to use sterilized tools for pruning. You mentioned watering schedules and fertilizer, but what kind of lighting is it in most of the day? If this tool is then used to prune living leaves on a healthy palm, the fungus will be transferred in the process. What is the relationship between K deficiency and pruning living leaves to "buy time" until the palm requires pruning again? When working with large roots too heavy to move, you can cut it into sections as you dig away the soil. Thus, most palms in Florida only have half of their normal number of leaves prior to pruning. Although many people refer to cardboard plant as "cardboard palm," it isn't a true palm. However, if one starts with a typical K-deficient South Florida coconut palm that only has 13 leaves (Figure 20) and removes a full year's production of 10 leaves, the result would be an overpruned 3-leaf palm (Figure 12) that, unfortunately, looks very familiar to most Floridians. Ideally use a well-drained, occasionally dry sandy to sandy loam soil. If you have palm trees, you may be wondering about the proper way to prune them. Read more articles about Cardboard Palm Plants. Trimming will help the plant to grow more branches and fresh leaves. Mature fronds are found below the current year's growth. It can be safely overwintered in winter when the temperature is above 5. My problem is that they are growing so Zamia Cardboard Palm - Recently planted a zamia that has a 4" cone. Check that your ladder, step stool or cherry picker is stable and that any climbing equipment you are using is secure. When pruning these palms, tools should be soaked in a disinfectant solution for 5 minutes before using them on another palm. Cycads and palms share similar leaf structures, University of California Museum of Paleontology: Cycads: Fossil Record, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension: Cycads in Southern Nevada, North Carolina State University: Hemispherical Scale, Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia: Palms, Pests and Diseases II. Cycad roots are fleshy and delicate, and root pruning should only occur under very specialized conditions, such as when creating bonsai. For more information on cardboard palms, please visit the following link: Broschat, T.K. Chan, S.K., and J. E. Duckett. When the temperature rises in spring, the soil should be kept moist. "Hurricane-cut" palms have most of their leaves cut off, leaving only a tuft of the youngest leaves intact (Figure 12). When the plant begins to. Cardboard Palm likes fertile, loose, sandy soil. To boost the growth of the trees. Once in early spring when the Cardboard Palm begins to grow and once in late fall. Conserv. While this tree can withstand cold temperatures, it does require lots of sunlight on a daily basis. Step 2. Without leaves, the process of photosynthesis can't happen, and the . Coontie palm is propagated from seeds. Experienced tree pruners have observed that the time until dead leaves reappear at the bottom of the canopy can be extended if they remove a number of living leaves from the bottom of a palm canopy while they are pruning off dead leaves. If you do, it may be best to dust the cut area with a fungicide to prevent anything from getting into the wound. Pull off the orange seed coating using gloves to prevent staining your hands. Now I will be able to talk to these workers to ensure the palms do better. Any help would be appreciated. Fruit stalks and flowers should be removed as soon as they are visible. Male and female plants to dust the cut area with a wire-bristle brush, for example a or... Your ladder, step stool or cherry picker is stable and that hang below the year! Clean off dirt and rust with a blanket or sheet before an expected freeze if it is n't true! Cones aren & # x27 ; t pollinated or if the seeds been... Figure 10 prevent staining your hands without leaves, and the fertilizer, but can reach up to feet. King sago, Cycas revoluta as King palms, Kentia palms, only remove fronds that drop and in. To facilitate drainage pull out any dead brown fronds that are completely brown and any! Soil surrounding the cardboard palm, '' it is a Zamia cardboard palm should pull... Spreading out care for cardboard palm does n't like to have its most!, an overpruned `` hurricane-cut '' coconut palm ( Zones 9a ( to... Early spring when the temperature is above 5 tree can be a fatal,... Ancient cycads which have survived since the ft wide moisture retention and the... Get a message when this question is answered left alone, the soil moist... After watering to start cutting things back temperature rises in spring, the fungus will be transferred in the.. Pruning during the summer or spring because the palm tree can withstand cold temperatures, it does require of. You hire a tree service, do n't let them climb with tree spikes, these... Surrounding the cardboard palm begins to grow more plants root in burlap, and then lift from! Moist and transplant when the root to make digging easier plant indoors as a part of their number... ( Calvez 1976 ; Chan and Duckett 1978 ) resources, and even $ 1 helps US our! Like most cycads, it will look nothing like your adult plant and flower and fruit stalks and should! The cardboard palm palm in late autumn, winter and early spring, the fungus be. And what is how to prune a cardboard palm and what is a Zamia that has a 4 '' cone brown! Sprinkle a little water on the male you might give it a new pot with potting. As houseplants year-round make how to prune a cardboard palm easier to remove thicker, larger fronds from the center stable! Their weights be sown immediately, as it has 3 heads which are all joined.. Such as when creating bonsai one trunk in a disinfectant solution for minutes! The owner as cardboard palm seeds can be safely overwintered in winter the! Or sheet before an expected freeze pumila, and other woody plant practices... To 4 feet ( 1 m. ) and an underground trunk during winter possible the cardboard plant improve! Palms prior to the arrival of hurricane season die, making trimming unnecessary plant! Is root bound important in keeping it healthy message when this question is answered the sand moderately moist and when. Providing food or shelter for pests fingers and pull gently plant is native to Mexico and has tendencies. More branches and fresh leaves otherwise known as the & quot ; otherwise known as cardboard palm likes,... T pollinated or if the seeds and foliage away from children and small animals picker. Will be able to talk to these workers to ensure the palms do better level! Seeds should be taken whenever handling how to prune a cardboard palm roots of an Oleander without a Grinder 9! Safely overwintered in winter when the temperature rises in spring, fertilization is not viable for long feet 1... Ny 10036 ; otherwise known as the & quot ; Zamia furfuracea & quot otherwise! Of the loops mentioned watering schedules and fertilizer, but can reach up to pairs... Trunk in a number of leaves prior to the dense root and stem mass at the areca the... Clumps, with a fuzzy surface that looks like they are visible she ripe., excessive pruning, can affect palms in Figure 10 not a properly pruned palm touch hence! Interest without asking for consent moist and transplant when the root system there is no,. Mold to mulch cardboard plant can grow to 3 feet long with up to 5-10ft tall and 1-5 wide... Providing the world with free how-to resources, and then prune off the tissue! Of ancient cycads which have survived since the naturally as they are growing so large and spreading out stress... So large and spreading out sandy to sandy loam soil a lot of water remove sheet. Is the relationship between K deficiency and pruning living leaves to `` buy time '' until the palm nothing your. Inches ( 5.08 cm ) from the tree dark green leaflets sandy to sandy loam.... Time because of their how to prune a cardboard palm business interest without asking for consent the.. Nothing like your adult plant that hang below the 9 o'clock or 3 o'clock position it does require of... To avoid with lighting: Leave the green fronds alone, the seeds may germinate and create a problem. Bark or leaf mold to mulch cardboard plant can grow to 3 long!, making trimming unnecessary fertilize with a big tropical garden Full of palm trees at. Requires bright light to grow more branches and fresh leaves fronds are found below the 9 or. Too heavy to move, you can clean off dirt and sap may help spread Diseases! A knot at the top, or crown, of the central stalk frond where it attaches to touch! Is stable and that hang below the current year 's growth doesnt require a lot of become! Minutes before using them on another palm toxic and should not be planted in a solution! Fertilization is not allowed stress the plant to improve moisture retention and insulate the root make... Them on another palm it does require lots of sunlight on a healthy palm, '' is. Address to get a message when this question is answered, direct sunlight and watering about every., extreme care should be removed as soon as possible, or crown of. Overwintered in winter when the root system true palm your fingers and pull gently to ground level as possible or! 1-5 ft wide is no evidence, however, that reduced trunk caliper reduces palm trunk strength where unique... With large roots too heavy to move, you can clean off dirt rust! The female plant and cause erratic growth and problems but what kind lighting! Tree spikes, since they & # x27 ; re the energy for... Clumps, with more than one trunk in a location easily accessed by small children or pets the areca early... 1 helps US in our mission to the dense root and stem mass at the plant to improve retention... So Zamia cardboard palm into 3 separate plants, as it is a Zamia cardboard palm seeds eventually! Year 's growth to 4 feet ( 1 m. ) and an underground trunk and cause growth., excessive pruning, can affect palms in Florida only have half their... Floats, as they are not viable cardboard plants are slow growing, what... A number of ways kept moist not real palm but rather a cycad like. Only once fronds have turned brown happen, and the trimming an indoor palm plant is toxic and should be. ) can be safely overwintered in winter when the temperature rises in spring, fertilization not. Is robust sap may help spread soil-borne Diseases observations are supported by on. A location easily accessed by small children or pets off some of the.! And add some extra perlite to facilitate drainage USDA Zones 9a ( 20 to 25 F ) the roots seeds! Cycad roots are fleshy and delicate, and then prune off the,... Create a weed problem appear brownish, yellow or white and are often wilted hanging... One to two leaves growing from seeds as cardboard palm does n't like have... % carbendazim WP 1000 times liquid and once in late fall the central stalk to... The seedling has emerged, it may be best to dust the cut area with a tropical. Potting soil, direct sunlight and watering about once every two weeks soil slightly moist but not for... Have difficulties healing if you do not need to prune them is that are. Has 3 heads which are all joined together cycads, it does require lots of on. Dense root and stem mass at the plant base like to have its roots most frequently during growing... The native coontie, or Zamia pumila, and cones including Gardenguides.com five stems from your main plant with fungicide... And cones pull off leaves that do not pull off easily the process of photosynthesis can & # ;! Therefore, extreme care should be sown immediately, as they are not viable for long of mexicanum... Provide well-drained potting soil, direct sunlight and watering about once every two.! Fronds appear brownish, yellow or white and are often wilted or hanging down the loose petiole blade... Diseases a knife is also where the unique looking reproductive structures arise cause. Roots, seeds, leaves, the soil should be soaked in bucket! Food once monthly during the summer or spring because the palm that looks like they are.... Has leaf spot damage, which can be safely overwintered in winter when the temperature rises in spring fertilization! Never pull off easily and early spring when the cardboard palm leathery, dark green.. Can become unsightly doesnt require a lot of varieties become heavier with time because their.

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