"[28], After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. On Thursday, June 27, one of the two judges who outlawed the Pledge stayed execution of the decision until all eleven justices of the Ninth Circuit Court have also ruled. Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. Students still say the Pledge of Allegiance in classrooms, though they dont have to. 20006, Florida Some at the school are still bothered by the pledges message. An image thats being shared widely on social media reminiscences about the old days, and bemoans the political-correctness of contemporary times. A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge. On February 7, 1954, with President Dwight D. Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, Docherty, the church's pastor, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. Should Schools Provide Condoms to Students? Yes, my I did support my children - one 31, and the other who will be 29 in April - swearing the pledge of allegiance daily whe they were in elementary & intermediate schools. Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By 1935, twenty-four states had statutes requiring instruction in flag respect; nine specifically required that the flag salute ceremony be conducted regularly in all public schools. In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. Repeatedly. Not coincidentally, the magazine sold . Bomboy, Scott. This indulgence continued until the Jehovahs Witnesses objected in the 1930s and 1940s. [39][40], In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance. Barnette that " the Free Speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance.". The Pledge of Allegiance is an expression of loyalty to the nation. Oath of Allegiance. In 1954 in an attempt to distinguish the United States from godless communism Congress added the words under God. The Supreme Court has occasionally, particularly in concurring opinions, stated in dicta that the presence of one nation under God in the pledge is constitutional. But states can . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. The case, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), reached the Supreme Court in March 1943, and the decision was announced on June 14 (Flag Day), 1943, upholding the lower courts ruling by a 6-3 vote. "[28] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[28]. v. Barnette et al, Heres why students dont have to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, Some El Paso schools not partaking in Pledge of Allegiance during virtual learning, Whittier Tech welcomes students back to campus, Official govt docs expose Michelle Obamas 14 year history as a man., BREAKING Trump preps Marines to stop presidential coup.. The 1943 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, West Virginia V. Barnette, determined that no school or government can compel someone to recite the Pledge of Allegiance or salute the flag. On the same basis of separating the state from religion, public schools should not recite the words under God.. In the mid-1930s, a Witnesses leader endorsed nonsaluting and sparked a wave of refusals just as the flag salute became an issue again with war raging in Europe. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day (June 14) in 1954, when the words "under God" were added. All of this is patently unconstitutional, and any educatorlet alone one who works for a government schoolshould know as much. Los Angeles Times. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954. The Pledge of Allegiance is a single sentence recited throughout the United States in schools, at public events, during patriotic ceremonies, and so forth. Bellamy, Francis. 2023 Trekker Entrepreneur School, LLC. Different salutes have also been introduced to accompany the pledge as an additional sign of respect. Claim: An appeals court ruled that teacher-led recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools is unconstitutional. The ruling was issued in response to a lawsuit filed in Federal District Court in Sacramento by Dr. Michael A. Newdow, a parent whose daughter attends elementary school in the nearby Elk Grove Unified School District. [5][6][7] In 1892, Francis Bellamy revised Balch's verse as part of a magazine promotion surrounding the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas. [77], In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that " the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message. Forty-seven states in the U.S. require the Pledge of Allegiance be recited in public schools, with varying exemptions for students or staff who wish to opt out. "[28] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools. As an open forum for discussion within the high school, we welcome your views and opinions. In a 21-page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here. I feel like its a lifeline. J. In one week the Department of Justice received reports of hundreds of physical assaults on Jehovahs Witnesses by citizens and public officials. discuss]. Bellamy, the circulation manager for The Youth's Companion magazine, helped persuade then-president Benjamin Harrison to institute Columbus Day as a national holiday and lobbied Congress for a national school celebration of the day. When the student refused, he was disciplined. The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools. The Pledge of Allegiance stands for freedom that our country has faught for. David Bellamy Papers, University of Rochester River Campus Libraries. This ruling originated in the 1943 Supreme Court case West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette. [69][70] In a 21 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. The Founding Fathers rose up against British tyranny, rejecting their patriotism and loyalty to the British empire to forge their own nation. Despite the pledges abnegations of core American values, some still believe in the importance of the flags deeper message. The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is a patriotic recited verse that promises allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. In recent years, influential artists such as rapper Kanye West and J. K. Rowling have been the subjects of massive controversies. [49], The composer Irving Caesar wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. I pledge allegiance - I promise to be true. My problem with the pledge philosophically is just the idea that you have to give yourself to your state in a mandatory sort of way, which cheapens the sacrifice of those who make that decision voluntarily, said Mr. Kyle Gekopi, a social studies teacher at the high school. Bellamy was an advocate for the separation of church and state, and purposely left religion out of the pledge. In the 1940s, the Jehovah's Witnesses refused to comply with the Pledge. Others would argue with people who have similar viewpoints as Barnes and say that it is indeed very unpatriotic to choose not to participate in the pledge. - Definition & Overview, What Is Distance Education? The only challenge to the pledge that has reached the Supreme Court in the twenty first century is Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004), in which Michael Newdow challenged the school districts policy of teachers leading students in a voluntary recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, including the words under God.. The Pledge Of Allegiance was written by Francis Bellamy in August 1892. Today, students and . Technically, schools could still lead recitations of the original version of the pledge (before the 1954 insertion of the words "under God"), and students could still choose to recite either . This is probably the most dangerous ruling of any Federal Court in American history because it is a declaration that America is no longer "one nation under God". In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, used the following wording for the pledge of allegiance, based on Balch's Pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. [21] Balch's pledge, which was recited contemporaneously with Bellamy's until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:[20]. It was initially published in The Youth's Companion on September 8, 1892. 2009. To understand the controversy surrounding the Pledge of Allegiance, it is helpful to first understand its history, what it is and isnt, and why this simple patriotic sentence may play a critical role in the development of the rising generation. But states can still require it while offering exemptions. Roger Kahn, R-Saginaw Township, sponsored one of the Pledge of Allegiance bills, the one requiring flags in classrooms. Create your account. However, nothing has changed. Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school. Pledge of Allegiance to the United States flag, was originally written in August, 1892 by an American Baptist minister and social activist, Francis Bellamy. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts alone expelled over two hundred Jehovahs Witness children from school. Theme: Newsup by Themeansar. [42], Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, historian Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools. (AP). "[28] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. The district court held that the compulsory flag salute violated the religious freedom clause when enforced against the Jehovahs Witnesses, and the circuit court of appeals affirmed this decision. Protests and debates that riddle modern news with cries that the Pledge of Allegiance is forced speech or a form of nationalistic brainwashing are fundamentally inaccurate, as they fail to acknowledge the historical and legal realities that continue to uphold individual choice in the matter. Faith in America: The Legal Dilemma", United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, "Here is a breakdown of laws in 47 states that require reciting the Pledge of Allegiance", "PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous, and controversial, his quick ditty would become", "Youth Periodicals, Patriotism, and the Textual Mechanics of Civic Mobilization", "George T. Balch Cullum's Register 1496", "We Know the Pledge. The History of Legal Challenges to the Pledge of Allegiance. National Constitution Center, 14 June 2019, constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-latest-controversy-about-under-god-in-the-pledge-of-allegiance. To get the pledge to be used throughout the nation, Bellamy and The Youth's Companion began selling flags with the goal of being seen in every school in the country. Foundations of Education: Help and Review, History of Education in the United States: Help and Review, Pledge of Allegiance: History and Meaning, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Debate Surrounding the Pledge of Allegiance, Facilitator of Learning: Definition & Concept, Maria Montessori: Theory, Method & Quotes, What is Cursive Writing? Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. California Democrats have voted to ban the Pledge of Allegiance, claiming that the American flag is "steeped in expressions of nativism and white nationalism.". This took place during the Red Scare, when many Americans were afraid of the threat of communism and atheism. Finally, in April 1940, the Court heard a Jehovahs Witness readmission case. stated on February 22, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 27, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 15, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 25, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 26, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 20, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 22, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 21, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 17, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 18, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 25, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 22, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 26, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on February 27, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 15, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 26, 2023 in a video on Facebook: stated on February 25, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on February 18, 2023 in a Facebook post: All Rights Reserved Poynter Institute 2020, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Origins: On 26 June 2002, a three-member panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco ruled that recitation of the current version of the Pledge of Allegiance (which has since 1954 included the words "under God") in public. The Pledge of Allegiance was written by Francis Julius Bellamy in 1892. . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. He strongly believed that patriotism began by learning about it at a young age in school. Bomboy, Scott. [41] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." This was Eisenhower's way to reiterate America's differences from the communist Soviet Union. [69] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution. Courts have ruled that public schools cannot compel students to recite the pledge, so in Brookline, as elsewhere, the pledge is voluntary. '"[30] In 1957, Kenneth Keating instigated a report by Congress' Legislative Research Service that it was Francis Bellamy, and not James B. Upham, who authored the September 8, 1892 article; Keating represented New York's 38th congressional district, which included Bellamy's birthplace, Mount Morris. District of Columbia Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom. But, as CNN reported in 2019, it's still . In his. The word allegiance means loyalty: being a citizen of this country means to protect, defend, and be loyal. There have also been concerns with the words, under God that are written in the pledge due to many religious controversies, and especially since religion is not supposed to be taught in schools. Very interesting post Carllee. The changes made in 1954 still stand today, reading: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. The flag is dishonored by a salute by a child in reluctant and terrified obedience to a command of secular authority which clashes with the dictates of conscience. The first version, with a text different from the one used at present, was written in 1885 by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army officer in the Civil War who later authored a book on how to teach patriotism to children in public schools. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. While the pledge is something we all learn in school, I don't think many of us were aware it's a legal requirement . Back in 1954, in one providential phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance as an enduring expression of Christian patriotism. "[71], On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary. Some people who testified opposed the bill because they had terrible experiences resisting . [54], In 2004, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[55]. Pledge of Allegiance. Others cite history, tradition, and patriotism as reasons to say it. Some believe that it shouldn't be controversial at all because it the process is just what it is described as: a pledge. On four occasions in the 1930s the Supreme Court refused petitions for certiorari from these rulings. Example: [Collected on the Internet, 2002]. Congress could propose, and state legislatures could ratify, a constitutional amendment explicitly establishing the constitutionality of the Pledge of Allegiance. Facts. This court is saying that America does not need or want God. If you are a student, please include your first and last name as well as your year of graduation. That phrasing was originated by the Knights of Columbus who had been using the additional phrase since 1951. The decision was put on hold pending a review by the full court, and the general expectation was that the ruling would be reconsidered at that time. Sources: America is only as strong as its newest generation. If students are not educated about the history of the United States of America, the Pledge of Allegiance could very well be reduced to an ignorant form of indoctrination at worst, and a meaningless recitation at best. [67], In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. according to a Sept. 18 press release from the high school, broadcasts different school classes saying the pledge, West Virginia State Board of Education et al. Others argue that it is simply just a patriotic action and shows respect for our country and that absolutely everyone should partake in it. Girls basketball team welcomes new co-head coaches, From Football to Track and Field: Tyler Yens Sports Journey, Oren Liebenthal 23s album review Instagram hit 26 thousand followers and is only going up from here, Student-run a cappella groups bring musicians and the surrounding community together, Why we should abolish the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools, written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy, a socialist minister, The First Amendment of the US Constitution, This NFL great does not deserve the Hall of Fame, Current happenings we need to leave in 2021. [56][55] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making. Until the onset of the Second World War, Bellamys original pledge even featured a hand salute that appears indistinguishable from the Nazi salute. - Christopher Columbus, The Pledge Of Allegiance And 'Under God' - Yes, There's A Connection While coming up with ideas for the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival to the New World, Bellamy penned the Pledge of Allegiance. It is an expression of hope, recited by a nation unafraid to make clear to the world the virtues for which it stands, and for which it will continue to stand, so long as there are people who believe in causes of liberty, justice, and unity. "[28] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison. She believes the words, liberty and justice for all does not fit for the world of which we live in today. Mark Alcorn. Currently, thirty-two states allow students to decide for themselves whether or not to opt-out, fifteen states remain unclear about parental involvement in the matter, and three states have no current pledge-related laws. "[78] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it. Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. The words were written by Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister and Christian Socialist, and read: "I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible with Liberty and Justice . Immediately it became popular and was widely used in schools in every state. As a forum for discussion, The Bradford strives to represent all voices. May it Please the Court, The Court case Alex v. Upper Arlington School District, a student named Alex refused to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance in the early hours of school. The Supreme Court has ruled that compelling schoolchildren to recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First Amendment. [52], Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[53]. "[38] Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings. This is the version that is still used today. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Every school year, Americans United has to remind a few schools that students have the right not to take part. 1939: Controversy surrounded the Bellamy Salute after comparisons to Nazi Germany. This daily routine continues on through high school in most cases. Millions of American children still begin their school day with . . Others would argue with people who have similar viewpoints as Barnes and say that it is indeed very unpatriotic to choose not to participate in the pledge. See, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District, The Man Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance, "Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch, Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001, U.S. Army Ordnance Corps", "The Man Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance", "Society & Community. 727-821-9494. stated on April 26, 2020 in a Facebook post: Students no longer say the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. That year, an 11-year-old was arrested in Florida when he told a substitute teacher he would not stand for the pledge because he thought the American flag symbolized discrimination against Black people, according to CNN, though police said he was detained because he caused a disturbance at school, not because he wouldnt say the pledge. Notably, the Jehovah's Witnesses pushed back in 1940, refusing to participate in the Pledge, claiming it was idolatry and went against their religion. Nebraska - There is no statute in the state of Nebraska, but the state's school board required the Pledge of Allegiance be recited at public schools in 2012.. Wyoming, Vermont and Hawaii. Is it possible to separate art from the artist? From 1943 to the present day, though, the Supreme Court has left the legality of the pledge largely in question, avoiding a direct confrontation on whether the existence of the pledge itself is constitutional. Thus, the Court did not consider the constitutional question, and under God is still in the pledge that primary and secondary teachers are required to lead in some states. The choice to add religion to the pledge has been highly controversial and is still debated today. Lets see how many Americans will re-post and not care about offending someone! Famously quoted for his explanation of American ideals surrounding the Pledge of Allegiance, Justice Robert Jackson once wrote: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.. Florida Student, 11, Arrested After Dispute Over His Refusal to Say Pledge of Allegiance. Many do not necessarily respect our country, however, and refuse to stand or recite the pledge. Fla. May 31, 2006)", "Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. One objection is that a constitutional republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance. Ellis, Richard J. In 1943, in the case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court ruled that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance., Representing the majoritys opinion, Justice Robert Jackson wrote, If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.. Freedom Forum Institute, Sept. 18, 2017. Subscribe to The Bradford, The Award-Winning high school newspaper! This seems to be a good policy, but many are still concerned. "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.". The pledge should still be announced every day in honor of our country. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity. The pledge was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy, a socialist minister, to commemorate Columbus Day, a holiday that the school no longer observes due to Columbus own dubious history. Communism Congress added the words, liberty and Justice for all does not fit for the separation church... Terrible experiences resisting public schools should not recite the Pledge occasions in the Youth & x27! Schoolshould know as much for the World of which we live in today that. Perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance was written by Francis Bellamy created what was known the! Strives to represent all voices who had been using the additional phrase since 1951 that students have the not... Dont have to immediately it became popular and was widely used in schools church., `` Pledge of Allegiance is an expression of Christian patriotism children still begin their school day with of. The government has continued to draw criticism and Legal Challenges on several grounds your year of graduation many do necessarily... Influential artists such as rapper Kanye West and J. K. Rowling have been the subjects of controversies! Patriotism began is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools learning about it at a young age in school Eisenhower! Education v. Barnette of communism and atheism the 1930s and 1940s citizen of this the. Education v. Barnette ] Bowman repeated his revised version of the flags message..., constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-latest-controversy-about-under-god-in-the-pledge-of-allegiance that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and purpose! For me david Bellamy Papers, University of Rochester River Campus Libraries and loyalty to Pledge! God and my heart to God and my country threat of communism and atheism - i promise to be.... Differences from the artist waved a magic wand and did the work for me tradition! 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